Infiltration theory

However, to bring about complete infiltration of the surface, the surface tension of the resin must be lower than the critical surface tension of the filler. Surface modification agents used in polymer matrix composites change the surface state of fillers so the fillers will have good infiltration with the resin, and as a result the filler and the resin will have good bonding strength. 

The good wettability between the polymer matrix and the filler will help improve the interface of the composite strength, but infiltration is not the only condition of the interfacial bond. For example, the surface tension of vinyl silane is 33.4 mN/m, and it is an effective coupling agent for an unsaturated polyester the surface tension of ethyl silane is similar to that of vinyl silane, but it is not valid for an unsaturated polyester.  

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Adsorption of Metal Ions and Ligands. The sohd—solution interface is of greatest importance in regulating the concentration of aquatic solutes and pollutants. Suspended inorganic and organic particles and biomass, sediments, soils, and minerals, eg, in aquifers and infiltration systems, act as adsorbents. The reactions occurring at interfaces can be described with the help of surface-chemical theories (surface complex formation) (25). The adsorption of polar substances, eg, metal cations, M, anions. A, and weak acids, HA, on hydrous oxide, clay, or organically coated surfaces may be described in terms of surface-coordination reactions ... 

A radically new stage of development of lateral models is related to the application of PT methodology. The term percolation was introduced by Broadbent and Hammersley [225] to describe the new class of mathematical problems connected to the analysis of infiltration of liquids or the path of an electrical current through a labyrinth of bonded and nonbonded elements. This theory has become very fashionable in various fields of physics, chemistry, and technical applications (e.g., a problem of displacement of oil from a porous medium [8,223,226,227]). The basics of this theory has been comprehensively discussed in several reviews [121,228-232] and monographs [8,233,234],... 

Guy, B. (1984). Contribution to the theory of infiltration metasomatic zoning the formation of sharp fronts a geometrical model. Bull. Mineral., 107, 93-105. 

A significant fraction of UFP may be volatile, particularly in particles smaller than 50 nm [24, 25], Volatility increased with decreasing distance to a major freeway [24]. In a study in four apartments near a US freeway, I/O ratios were highest for particles of about 100 nm, decreased up to about 20 nm and then increased again for particles smaller than 20 nm [25]. The pattern below 20 nm did not agree with previous theory (Sect. 3). A potential explanation is that upon infiltration losses may occur of volatile components, resulting in a shift of the particle size distribution towards particles less than 20 nm [25],... 

TSPK is a chronic epithelial keratitis of unknown etiology, suggested to be due to chronic subclinical viral infection in the deep layers of the basal epithelium. Support for this theory includes the protracted coruse of this condition, its tendency to recur, the lack of effect by antibiotics on its clinical course, and lack of bacterial isolation from eyes affected by the condition. The clinical presentation of corneal mononuclear cell infiltrates, the rapid resolution of these infiltrates with topical steroids, and their rapid reappearance if topical steroids are stopped too quickly support the possibility that the primary presentation is a typical immunologic response. 

Hemond, H., Nutde, W., Burke, R., and Stolzenbach, K. (1984). Surface infiltration in salt marshes Theory, measurement and biogeochemical implications. Water Resour. Res. 20, 591—600. 

It has been shown recently [11] that the experimental hydraulic resistance of such a composite structure can be much larger than the theoretical resistance obtained by simply summing the resistances of the different layers. As an interpretation, the existence of highly resistant transition boimdary layers due to infiltration between adjacent media of drastically different particle sizes has been suggested (Fig. 12.3). In order to check this theory, infiltrated and nonin-filtrated Ti02 membranes deposited on a-alumina support have been prepared. Scanning electron micrograph of their interfaces is shown in Fig. 12.4. From them, complementary resistances have been measured. 

A number of mechanisms have been suggested to explain the process of tumor cell invasion in terms of observed properties of neoplastic cells. One of these, that tumor invasion is the result of cellular multiplication and mechanical expansion, visualizes tumor infiltration as resembling the growth of a plant root. According to this theory, the pressure from a constantly increasing cell mass is thought to cause... 

Vapor silicon has a very low pressure, facilitating its superior infiltration ability and low exothermal heat during reaction. Based on theory calculations, VSI was conducted for the fabrication of Ci/SiC composites. As the infiltration temperature increased from 1873K to 1973K the bulk density of the composites increased from I.68g/cm to 2.25g/cm while the open porosity decreased from 28% to 6%. Strength increased and then kept nearly the same, but the work of fracture decreased with... 

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