Infertility, functional

Mice models reveal that both PR foims are physiologically important. Mice lacking the PR gene fail to ovulate, are infertile, and have impaired thymic function. Selective PRA-deficient female mice are infertile due to reduced oocyte and uterine deficiency... 

Because of their central role in maintaining reproductive function, the therapeutic potential of gonadotrophins in treating subfertility/some forms of infertility was obvious. Gonadotrophins are also used to induce a superovulatory response in various animal species, as outlined later. The market for these hormones, though modest by pharmaceutical standards, is, none the less, substantial. By the late 1990s the annual human market stood at about US 250 million, of which the USA accounts for -US 110 million, Europe -US 90 million and Japan US 50 million. 

Lactation is a basic period in mammalian reproduction, and the breast, its function, and pathology have a very important place in medicine and society. In developed countries breast cancer is the most important issue, far more important than nonlactational galactorrhea it is frequently related to infertility or unsuccessful breastfeeding and is a major health concern among women. 

The physiological functions of the ER subtypes have been characterised in mice lacking the ERa, the ER/1, or both receptors [11]. Disruption of the ERo resulted in infertility of both male and female mice and inhibited the outgrowth of the mammary duct during puberty, whereas disruption of the ER/1 had no effect on fertihty and mammary gland development [ 17]. A number of ERo and ER/1 isoforms have also been described, many of which alter estrogen-mediated gene expression [18]. 

Gonadotropins are used to treat infertility in women with potentially functional ovaries who have not responded to other treatments. The therapy is designed to simulate the normal menstrual cycle as far as is practical. A common protocol is daily injections of menotropins for 9 to 12 days, until estradiol levels are equal to that in a normal woman, followed by a single dose of hCG to induce ovulation. Two problems with this treatment are risks of ovarian hyperstimulation and of multiple births. Ovarian hyperstimulation is characterized by sudden ovarian enlargement associated with an increase in vascular permeability and rapid accumulation of fluid in peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. To prevent such occurrences, ovarian development is monitored during treatment by ultrasound techniques and by measurements of serum levels of estradiol. 

B. Indications and nse Follistim is indicated for the development of multiple follicles in ovulatory patients participating in an assisted reproductive technology program. It is also indicated for the induction of ovulation and pregnancy in anovulatory infertile patients in whom the cause of infertility is functional and not due to primary ovarian failure. 

Since the Kidney-Qi and essence determine the development of the body, the method of tonifying the Kidney plays an important role in the treatment of retardation in children, menstruation disorders and learning difficulties in young people, infertility and menopause syndrome in adults, and declining function in the elderly. 

Kidney-Yang deficiency is often seen in elderly people, people with a poor constitution and patients with chronic diseases. When the Kidney-Yang fails to accelerate water metabolism, edema or frequent urination may occur. When the Kidney-Yang and Qi are unable to warm the Lower-Jiao and maintain its function, impotence, infertility, dysmenorrhea and aqueous-grainy diarrhea may occur. 

Sexual function and fertility reflect a wide variety of functions that are necessary for reproduction and may be affected by exposure to environmental factors. Any disturbance in the integrity of the reproductive system may affect these functions. Patterns of reported infertility vary around the world, but approximately 10% of all couples experience infertility at some time during their reproductive years. Human studies on altered sexual function/fertility provide the most direct means of assessing risk, but data are often unavailable. For many environmental chemicals, it is still necessary to rely on information derived from experimental animal models and laboratory studies. 

Case (v) A 35-year-old female had primary infertility with secondary amenorrhea, ceasation of ovarian function and uterine fibroid tumour on the posterior wall at the junction of upper one-third and lower two-third of the uterus. Symptoms Amenorrhea for the last two years, obase, sweaty palms and soles, craving for eggs, irregular menstruation earlier. 

Androgens can produce changes in reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics. In males, high levels of androgens act as negative feedback and lead to testicular atrophy and impaired sperm production. Infertility in males may result because of an... 

Compounds within this class of substances can inhibit hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis function by inhibiting gonadotropin secretion. Subsequently ovulation and estrus is suppress leading to infertility or reduced fertility. 

Evidence to suggest that infertile men have high levels of ROS FIG. 20 Effect of oxidative stress and lycopene on sperm functionality. 

GnRH can stimulate pituitary function and is used to treat infertility caused by hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in both sexes. A portable battery-powered programmable pump and intravenous tubing allows pulsatile GnRH therapy every 90 minutes. 

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