Industrial solvents ethyl ether

Tetrahydronaphthalene [119-64-2] (Tetralin) is a water-white Hquid that is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in methyl alcohol, and completely soluble in other monohydric alcohols, ethyl ether, and most other organic solvents. It is a powerhil solvent for oils, resins, waxes, mbber, asphalt, and aromatic hydrocarbons, eg, naphthalene and anthracene. Its high flash point and low vapor pressure make it usehil in the manufacture of paints, lacquers, and varnishes for cleaning printing ink from rollers and type in the manufacture of shoe creams and floor waxes as a solvent in the textile industry and for the removal of naphthalene deposits in gas-distribution systems (25). The commercial product typically has a tetrahydronaphthalene content of >97 wt%, with some decahydronaphthalene and naphthalene as the principal impurities. 

The physical properties of methylene chloride are Hsted in Table 1 and the binary a2eotropes in Table 2. Methylene chloride is a volatile Hquid. Although methylene chloride is only slightly soluble in water, it is completely miscible with other grades of chlorinated solvents, diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol. It dissolves in most other common organic solvents. Methylene chloride is also an excellent solvent for many resins, waxes, and fats, and hence is well suited to a wide variety of industrial uses. Methylene chloride alone exhibits no dash or fire point. However, as Htde as 10 vol % acetone or methyl alcohol is capable of producing a dash point. 

Specifications. Ethyl ether is commercially avaHable in the foHowing grades USP anesthesia, absolute (ACS), industrial, solvent (cone), and synthetic. Specifications vary, depending on the consumer and use. In many instances, the ether has to meet a specific test written into the specification, eg, it may be important that the ether is completely anhydrous or free from alcohol and aldehyde. 

Isopropyl Ether. Isopropyl ether is manufactured by the dehydration of isopropyl alcohol with sulfuric acid. It is obtained in large quantities as a by-product in the manufacture of isopropyl alcohol from propylene by the sulfuric acid process, very similar to the production of ethyl ether from ethylene. Isopropyl ether is of moderate importance as an industrial solvent, since its boiling point Hes between that of ethyl ether and acetone. Isopropyl ether very readily forms hazardous peroxides and hydroperoxides, much more so than other ethers. However, this tendency can be controlled with commercial antioxidant additives. Therefore, it is also being promoted as another possible ether to be used in gasoline (33). 

Respiratory Effects. Hexane was one of 16 industrial solvents (hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, esters, and ethyl ether) tested for irritation potential on an average of 10 volunteers of mixed sexes for 3-5 minutes in an inhalation chamber (Nelson et al. 1943). The purity and the isomer composition of the hexane was not specified. Hexane was the only one of the 16 solvents which caused no irritation to the eyes, nose, or throat at the highest concentration tested (500 ppm). No odor was reported. 

Industrial uses of ethanol include solvents (especially for toiletries and cosmetics, coatings and inks, and detergents and household cleaners), and chemical intermediates (especially ethyl acrylate, vinegar, ethylamines, and glycol ethers). Most corn fermentation alcohol is used in fuel, industrial solvents and chemicals, and beverages. 

One of the major uses of activated carbon is in the recovery of solvents from industrial process effluents. Dry cleaning, paints, adhesives, polymer manufacturing, and printing are some examples. Since, as a result of the highly volatile character of many solvents, they cannot be emitted directly into the atmosphere. Typical solvents recovered by active carbon are acetone, benzene, ethanol, ethyl ether, pentane, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and other aromatic compounds [78], Besides, automotive emissions make a large contribution to urban and global air pollution. Some VOCs and other air contaminants are emitted by automobiles through the exhaust system and also by the fuel system, and activated carbons are used to control these emissions [77,78],... 

Since their commercial introduction in 1926, glycol ethers have become valuable as industrial solvents and chemical intermediates. Because glycol monoethers contain a -OCH2CH2OH group, they resemble a combination of ether and ethyl alcohol in solvent properties. The most common... 

Some industrial solvents are found on the Proposition 65 list. As of January 1, 1993 (2), benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, 1,4-dioxane, 2-nitropropane, and perchloroethylene have been listed as substances known to the state of California to cause cancer. Ethyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, and toluene are listed as substances known to the state of California to cause reproductive toxicity. Because the list is being expanded periodically, it is necessary for a user of industrial solvents to maintain awareness of the Proposition 65 list. 

In 2005, about 650 million liters (170 million gallons) of ethyl alcohol were produced by the phosphoric acid method. Of that amount, 60 percent was used for industrial solvents in the manufacture of toiletries and cosmetics, coatings and inks, detergents and household cleaners, pharmaceuticals, and other products. The remaining 40 percent was used in the preparation of other chemical compounds, including ethyl acrylate, vinegar, ethylamines, ethyl acetate, glycol ethers, and miscellaneous materials. 

S16 Industrial Solvents Handbotdc Table 11.14 Ethylene Glycol Diethyl Ether (2) ETHYL GLYME... 

MEK=methyl ethyl ketone, MIBK=methyl isobutyl ketone, EGBE=ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, AHC=aromatio hydrocarbon solvent Physical properties mainly from Industrial Solvents Handbook, 110 -114. Material Safety Data Sheet (Mobile Paint Co. Alabama)... 

Stability. In the food industry, where steam sterilisation is required, PES is used instead of PS. Among the newer membranes in use are polyimide (PI) polymeric membranes. Poly-imide UF membranes are promising because of their resistance to many organic solvents [32] such as hexane, benzene, methanol, acetic acid, acetone, ethyl ether, ethoxy ethanol and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

Acetic acid is extracted from the demethanolized pyroligneous liquors resulting from the destructive distillation of wood (20, 63, 130) and from solutions of the cellulose acetate industries (27), with ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, ethyl acetate, or a mixture of the last two as solvents, in continuous processes. 

Dimethyl ether is used as a solvent in aerosol formulations. Diethyl ether as a commercial product is available in several grades and is used as an extraction solvent, reaction solvent, and as a general anesthetic. Ethyl ether is an excellent solvent for alkaloids, dyes, fats, gums, oils, resins, and waxes. Blends of ethyl ether and ethanol are excellent solvents for cellulose nitrate used in the manufacture of guncotton, in collodion solutions and pyroxylin plastics. Ethyl ether is used in the recovery of acetic acid from aqueous solutions in the cellulose acetate and plastic industry. It is used as a starter fuel for diesel engines and as a denaturant in denatured ethanol formulations. Grignard and Wurtz-Fillig synthesis reactions use diethyl ether as an anhydrous, inert reaction medium. 

Ethyl Acetate n (1874) CH3COOC2H5. A colorless liquid made by heating acetic acid and ethyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid, then distilling. It is a powerful solvent for ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, cellulose acetate-butyrate, acrylics, polystyrene, and coumarone-indene resins. It is also used in flexographic and rotogravure inks. Although it is highly flammable, it is the least toxic of common industrial solvents. Properties bp, 77°C sp gr, 0.—901/20°C flp. 0.56°C (31°F) refractive index, 1.373 vp, 77 mm Hg/20°C. Also known as Acetic Ether and Acetic Ester. 

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