Industrial products from agricultural

Palmieri, S., Renewable Industrial Bio-Based Products from Agricultural Resources, Agroindus-tria 2, 49-52 (2003). 

Dunn, R. O., and Bagby, M. O. 1996. Low-Temperature Filterability Properties of Alternative Diesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils. In Cundiff, J. S., Gavett, E. E., Hansen, C., Peterson, C., Sanderson, M. A., Shapouri, H., and VanDyne D. L. (Eds.), Proc., Third Liquid Fuel Conference Liquid Fuel and Industrial Products from Renewable Resources (pp. 95-103). St. Joseph MI American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 

J. W. Goodrum, in J. S Cundiff et al., eds.. Liquid Fuels and Industrial Products from Renewable Resources Proceedings of the Third Liquid Fuel Conference, The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1996, pp. 128-135. 

Noureddini, H., Harkey, D., and Medikonduru (1996). In Liquid Fuels and Industrial Products from Renewable Resources," (J. S. Cundiff et ai, eds.), p. 83. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, ML... 

Wastes and by-products from agricultural and food processing contain many potential useful bioactive compounds. It is important to determine the presence and solubility of these compounds in SC-CO2 before designing an industrial extraction plant. The objective is often to use the extracts for food/feed, pharmaceutical or cosmetic purposes. Sample preparation is particularly difficult because of the heterogeneity of the possible discarded materials in terms of chemical, physical and (micro)biological composition. 

Research and development on renewable resources for industrial applications in the 1930 s and in the 1980 s had one stimulus in common, namely the potential diminishing availability of petroleum. In the 1930 s the U.S. and world markets for agricultural products for food and feed did not totally utilize U.S. production. Then there was little or no competition between food and feed uses and industrial products from renewable resources. In the 1980 s the U.S. and world markets for agricultural products for food and feed uses are large and competitive with any diversions of these products into industrial uses. Limitations on food and feed uses are largely production, processing, distribution, and economics. 

From a historical perspective, it is only during the very recent past that humans have learned to decouple primary industrial productivity from biomass production. In this brief period, we have come to rely heavily on fossil biomass -petroleum, coal, and natural gas- to enable our modern way of life by magnifying our ability to do work and allowing us to synthesize new compounds with unique properties. Even agriculture is now predominantly practiced in an intensive manner that relies on petroleum in the form of fuels and chemicals to produce the large harvests that have allowed human population to grow beyond what was believed possible only 100 years ago (/). 

Straw, obtained after the removal of grain and chaff from the dry stalks of cereal plants, is an agricultural by-product. Straw has various applications such as fuel, animal feed, bedding for livestock like horses, packaging and decoration material, and constraction materials. About half of the yield of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, rye, and wheat is straw. Straws are the main agricultural waste materials and by-products of agricultural plants and are rich resources of biofibers. Its wide utilization in different fields draws the attention of researchers to make useful industrial products from such agriculture by-products [19-23]. 

Wastes from waste treatment facilities, off-site waste water treatment plants and the water industry Municipal wastes and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes including separately collected fractions Waste from agricultural, horticultural, hunting, fishing and aquaculture primary production, food preparation and processing... 

In the field of plastics, the annual production of polyvinylchloride (PVC) is second only to polyethylene. PVC has long been used in various areas, ranging from agriculture and industry to medical equipment and daily life, due to its well-developed production techniques, easy processing, and low price. However, PVC has its own disadvantages, mainly its low stability toward heat and ultraviolet (UV) light. Also, pure PVC is a very hard material that cannot be easily processed and practically used. Common PVC plastics contain various amounts of plasticizers and other additives, including modifiers, stabilizers, and lubricants. 

Bacteria, yeast and algae are produced in massive quantities of protein sources as food for animals and humans.1 SCP is considered a major source of feed for animals. The production of valuable biological products from industrial and agricultural wastes is considered through the bioconversion of solid wastes to added-value fermented product, which is easily marketable as animal feedstock. The waste streams that otherwise would cause pollution and threaten the environment can be considered raw material for CSP production using suitable strains of microorganisms. 

Xylan-type polysaccharides are the main hemicellulose components of secondary cell walls constituting about 20-30% of the biomass of dicotyl plants (hardwoods and herbaceous plants). In some tissues of monocotyl plants (grasses and cereals) xylans occur up to 50% [6j. Xylans are thus available in huge and replenishable amoimts as by-products from forestry, the agriculture, wood, and pulp and paper industries. Nowadays, xylans of some seaweed represent a novel biopolymer resource [4j. The diversity and complexity of xylans suggest that many useful by-products can be potentially produced and, therefore, these polysaccharides are considered as possible biopolymer raw materials for various exploitations. As a renewable resource, xylans are... 

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