Industrial gases industry change

Sulfonation equipment, 23 515 Sulfonation operations, industrial changes affecting, 23 515-516 Sulfonation plant gas effluents, 23 552 Sulfonation plants, operations of, 23 552 Sulfonation polymer, derivation by, 13 546 Sulfonation processes... 

As the inclined production theme progressed, rationalizations were required for industry, and the chemical industry changed in quality as gas sources changed. Those consuming hydraulic power, coal, and coke changed energy sources to heavy oil, natural gas, waste gas from the iron industry, and gasification of crude oil. 

The major process changes and the new catalyst types which have been introduced since 1920 are listed in Table 9.2. Relatively slow technical developments from 1920 up to about 1950 correspond to the period when coal was the source of synthesis gas. Rapid changes between 1950 and 1970 reflect the expansion of the fertilizer and chemical industries as erode oil, natural gas, and petrochemicals became so important. Increasing the level of fertilizer production from natural gas was just as crucial as the new range of petrochemical products supporting the tremendous increase in world population. 

Catalytic gas-phase reactions play an important role in many bulk chemical processes, such as in the production of methanol, ammonia, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. In most processes, the effective area of the catalyst is critically important. Since these reactions take place at surfaces through processes of adsorption and desorption, any alteration of surface area naturally causes a change in the rate of reaction. Industrial catalysts are usually supported on porous materials, since this results in a much larger active area per unit of reactor volume. 

Introduction and commercial application Safety and the environment have become important elements of all parts of the field life cycle, and involve all of the technical and support functions in an oil company. The Piper Alpha disaster in the North Sea in 1988 has resulted in a major change in the approach to management of safety of world-wide oil and gas exploration and production activities. Companies recognise that good safety and environmental management make economic sense and are essential to guaranteeing long term presence in the industry. 

Since the reliability of gas turbines in the power industry has been lower than desired in recent years because of hot-corrosion problems, techniques have been developed to detect and control the parameters that cause these problems. By monitoring the water content and corrosive contaminant in the fuel line, any changes in fuel quality can be noted and corrective measures initiated. The concept here is that Na contaminants in the fuel are caused from external sources such as seawater thus, by monitoring water content, Na content is automatically being monitored. This on-line technique is adequate for lighter distillate fuels. For heavier fuels, a more complete analysis of the fuel should be carried out at least once a month using the batch-type system. The data should be input directly to the computer. The water and corrosion detecting systems also operate in conjunction with the batch analysis for the heavier fuels. 

Fumes are defined as solid airborne particulates that have been produced by a change of state. Many industrial operations produce fumes which affect both the indoor environment and the outdoor environment. For many operations, fumes are generated by a high-temperature process. The gas stream containing the fume is usually of high temperature and contains combustibles. The combustibles may form an explosive mixture, thus necessitating specialized design inputs for most fume control ventilation systems. The major elements of a fume control system are pictured in Fig. 13.28. 

Direct Current (DC). This current is transmitted for industrial uses only in exceptional situations. The most common sources of direct current are storage batteries and industrial devices called rectifiers, in which alternating current is changed (rectified) to direct current, as is used in electrolytic cells for the manufacture of chlorine gas, magnesium, aluminum, and a few other chemicals. The direct current is flowing from the source through the user application and back to the source, in one direction. The motor is primarily used for speed control of selected equipment. 

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