Industrial capital productivity

The installed capit investment is about 375 per pallet for a 5000-paUet system. A characteristic of drive-in, drive-through, and flow racks is that, at any one point in time, only one product can occupy a given storage lane. Products are not mixed because of the complications that this practice presents in inventoiy management. In any event, there is seldom any need to mix products in the chemical industry because products are made in lots, blends, etc., and a storage lane is ordinarily designed to accommodate either a complete lot or some fraction of a lot. The result is that the total storage space available rarely is completely used. This is a problem that aisle racks... 

This book is extremely important in my view because it gives a forum to the voices and tells the stories of a new invisible minority who are casualties of our chemical-dependent economic base. Dr. Michael Tax, a specialist in occupational medicine, rightly insists that MCS is a product of industrial capitalism and cannot be understood independently of it. 

From a point of view of industrial protein production the number of sequential operations necessary to achieve the desired purity of a protein contributes significantly to the overall costs of the downstream process. This is on one hand due to the capital investment and amount of consumables needed for each step as well as to the individual time requirements of each operation, as labour costs are a very important factor in the calculation of process economics. Secondly the overall yield of the purification is reduced with each additional process step, originating from its inherent loss of product. Furthermore, fast primary recovery should separate the protein of interest from process conditions detrimental to its structural stability, e.g. proteases, glycosidases, or oxidizing conditions. As the performance of the purification process, expressed by its overall yield, operation time, and capital cost may contribute to up to 80% of the total production costs [2], it is evident, that a reduction of the number of sequential steps in a purification protocol may be the key to the economic success of a potential protein product [3],... 

Since gas players have invested cautiously despite continuous growth, they have managed to increase their capital productivity and prevent value leakage during the last five years. Compared with specialty chemicals companies, industrial gases players have shown a relatively stable market-to-book ratio over the last ten years. Current valuation levels are driven by a relatively stable operating performance and substantial growth expectations. 

Another major challenge lies in carefully managing capital productivity, and especially rightsizing investments. The industry as a whole must maintain its discipline and avoid establishing overcapacities that would in the long run hurt all players involved. 

The production of millions of tons of paper annually requires a capital intensive industry. A modern pulp and paper facility such as the Leaf River Mill shown in Fig. 1 can cost in excess of 800 million to construct. Pulp and paper manufacturing throughout the world is a vast industry, with production levels approaching 300 million tonnes/year. The dominant pulp and paper producing countries include Canada, Sweden, Finland, Japan, Brazil, and Russia. The pulp and paper industry is typically located near convenient, low-cost sources of wood as the raw material. 

Haas et al. [18] developed a computer model to estimate the capital and operating costs of a moderately sized industrial biodiesel production facility with a capacity of 33.5 ktonne (10 million gallons) using degummed soybean oil as... 

So economic forces within the chemical industry are compelling improved capital productivity. Requirements for on-aim product quality control grow increasingly tighter. More energy integration occurs. Im-... 

Description Capital intensive industry dependent on oil and gas Capital intensive Feedstock influences location of production Independent of oil High number of R D products Products for industrial use Products for industrial use, but often with final consumer exposure Products for large scale industry use or small traders or consumers... 

Despite this history or innovation, today the industry faces significant challenges. The industry is mature, many of its products face commoditization pressure, and its financial returns are not competitive in attracting investment capital in today s increasingly global capital markets. The industry s products and processes also have resulted in unintended consequences, many of which were not known until years after the damage was done. Consequently, the industry has contributed to... 

Major industrial capital investment decisions are strongly influenced by factors beyond those of simple profit maximization, although rate of return is the single most important element in a capital investment decision. A company will not risk shutdown or less of market position for the sake of small gains in expected profit. Investments which favor growth such as new product development are normally preferred over those which lower operating costs even if both offer the same opportunity to generate profits. 

The industrial sector consumes about 22% of the crude oil produced. As prices increase, new industrial capital projects to lower consumption of oil products are initiated. 

The American chemical industry has grown dramatically since the late nineteenth century in absolute and relative terms. The chemical industry has become an increasingly important sector of the economy when compared to either the chemical process industries or manufacturing as a whole. This relative growth - especially during the interwar years - is evident when one considers such factors as output, capital productivity, total capital investment, and national income originating in the industry. 

Comparison based on capital costs. Another way to compare AD with MFCs is on the capital costs. Sludge treatment can cost 500 ( 650) per ton Rabaey and Verstraete 2005), and one ton of carbohydrate treated with AD can produce methane that could produce useful energy of 160 ( 210) Pham et al. 2006). The capital costs for AD are on the order of 100,000 per ton of COD treated per day Pham et al. 2006). If we view the AD process as strictly a power generation process, this means that it costs 2400/kW, or 1800/kW. In the power industry, capital costs are generally considered to be around 1000/kW Grant 2003). Considering the value of the power combined with the costs, this indicates from this very simple approach that energy production does not offset capital costs. 

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