Ilmenite-rutile

Ta/Nb minerals often occur as impurities in ilmenite, rutile, cassiterite, wolframite and perovskite, most of which contain REE. Because tantalite and columbite have similar chemical properties, they often replace each other, and are usually found as isomorph mixtures. Tantalum and niobium can also be found as separate minerals. Tantalite and microlite are primary sources of tantalum. 

Anorthositic deposits - nearly all of the known commercially important rock deposits of titanium minerals are associated with anorthositic or gabbroic rocks. There are three main types (a) ilmenite-magnetite (titanoferous magnetite), (b) ilmenite-haematite, and (c) ilmenite-rutile. 

A large portion of titanium minerals (ilmenite, rutile) are produced from heavy mineral sands using physical preconcentration methods including gravity, magnetic and electrostatic separation. Over the past 30 years, advances have been made using flotation, where ilmenite, mtile and perovskite can be effectively recovered from both heavy mineral sands and hard rock ores using flotation methods. 

Various well-known industrial and municipal waste products particularly those from the base metal industry, contain appreciable amounts of Fe oxides which may make them suitable for remediation purposes. Two examples from industry are the residues from the alumina and the titanium industries. The extraction of either Al or Ti from the natural ores (bauxite and ilmenite/rutile, respectively) leaves behind an alkaline and acidic (sulphuric) residue, respectively, in which Fe oxides are enriched, as indicated by their names Red Mud and Red Gypsum . A sample of Red gypsum is reported to contain ca. 35% of Fe oxide consisting of goethite and hematite, half of which was oxalate soluble (Fauziah et al., 1996). As expected, this material had an appreciable adsorption capacity for phosphate and heavy metals and, if added to soils, could confer these properties on them (Peacock Rimmer, 2000),... 

Of these, bastnasite is the only mineral worked primarily for rare earths and both monazite and xenotime are mostly by-products of mining ilmenite, rutile, cassiterite, zircon or gold. Apatite and some multi oxide minerals like pyrochlore, euxenite, brannerite and loparite (a niobium titanate) are also commercial sources of rare earths, but production of RE from these is limited. 

Similar relationships are found for other elements like Sc and Cr. In the sand-sized fractions, the REE distribution patterns show a more pronounced negative Eu anomaly and higher La/Lu ratio for the material from Unit N as compared to samples from Unit B. Interpretation of these observations is difficult because the heavy fractions contain as many as 10 different minerals. Pyroxene (mainly augite), amphiboles (mainly hornblende), iron oxides, chromite, ilmenite, rutile, and zircon were identified by using a polarizing microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. However, the... 

Mineral Beneficiation Electrostatic methods are widely used in the processing of ores with mineral concentrates. Generally, electrostatic separation is used as a part of an overall flow sheet comprising various combinations of physical separation procedures. It is particularly well established in the processing of heavy-mineral beach sands from which are recovered ilmenite, rutile, zircon, monazite, silicates, and quartz. High-grade specular hematite concentrates have been recovered at rates of 1000 tons/h in Labrador. Applications also include processing tin ores to separate cassiterite from columbite and ilmenite. Refer to Fig. 19-61 . 

Ion bombardment Heavy-mineral concentrate Conductor minerals (ilmenite, rutile) from non-conductor minerals (zircon, monazite, aluminum silicates, quartz and others) Roll 120 -1.00.04 2.5 3-6... 

Assemblages vary with location. Cr-titanate LIMA minerals (Lindsleyite-Mathiasite) relatively common at Bultfontein edenite-phlogopite association at Jagersfontein ilmenite-rutile-phlogopite-sulfide (IRPS) suite at Matsoku associated with pyroxenitic sheets (type VII). Metasomatic clinopyroxene link to type AT... 

Two additional suites of mantle-derived samples found in kimberlites provide evidence for amphibole and/or mica stability in the lithospheric mantle. These are the ilmenite-rutile-phlogopite-sulphide (IRPS) and mica-amphibole-rutile-ilmenite -diopside (MARID)... 

India In the coastal areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India a narrow coastal strip is rich in monazite, ilmenite, rutile and zircon. In one part of the strip, populated by about 1,000,000 persons, the thorium concentration averages between 8% and 10.5% in patches the average dose rate for the regions is about 1.3 pGy h, with maxima up to 6 pSv h. ... 

The most common mineral sources of titanium are ilmenite, rutile, and titanite. Titanium is also obtained from iron ore slags. Slag is an earthy material that floats to the top when iron is removed from iron ore. 

Source Ilmenite, rutile, titanite, titanium slag from certain iron ores. 

Titanium dioxide. Cl 77891, also known as titanium (IV) oxide, CAS No. 13463-67-7 with molecular weight of 79.87 is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. When used as a pigment, it is called Titanium White and Pigment White 6 . Titanium dioxide is extracted from a variety of naturally occurring ores that contain ilmenite, rutile, anatase and leucoxene. 

Of the less mobile elements, raineralogical controls on the distribution of the REE have already been discussed. Other dements are often strongly controlled by individual minerals. For example, Zr concentrations may be controlled by zircon, P by apatite, Sr by plagioclase, Ti, Nb and Ta by ilmenite, rutile or sphene. Negative Nb anomalies are also characteristic of the continental crust and may be an indicator of crustal involvement in magma processes. 

Iridosmine = Iridium osmium alloy Fe-Cordierite = Sekaninaite Iserine (Nigrine) = Ilmenite + Rutile Isoplatinocopper = Hongshiite Isostannite = Kesterite-Ferrokesterite Jade = Jadeite (Nephrite)... 

Nigrine (Iserine) = Ilmenite + Rutile Nimesite = Brindleyite Niobite = Ferrocolumbite Niobozirconolite = Nb-Zirkelite Nitroglauberite = Darapskite + Nitratine Nitrokalit = Niter (Salpeter, Nitre, Salpetre) Nitronatrite = Nitratine (Soda Niter)... 

Placers are a low- or very low-grade uranium resource and many of their sometimes uraniferous minerals, such as monazite and zircon, are refractory and difficult to process. The low grade and refractory nature tend to make placers unattractive but, on the other hand, the volume of individual placers may be millions of cubic metres and they may contain hundreds of thousands of tons of heavy mineral concentrate. Uranium may be recovered as a by- or co-product from large placers if they also contain economic concentrations of such minerals as ilmenite, rutile, cassiterite or gold. 

Titanium group Titanium oxides and hydroxides group Brookite Ilmenite Rutile Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase type Permanent white-. Titanium dioxide white-. Titanium white-, Titanox Buxbaum (1998) 48 Dana (1944) 583 Legrand Deville (1953) Zuo etal. (1999)... 

The source for zirconium dioxide (Zr02, zirconia) is zircon (ZrSi04), which occurs in igneous rocks. A secondary source of zircon is from beach sands. In these sands, it is mixed with ilmenite, rutile, and monazite. 

Monazite sand occurs extensively in alluvial deposits, from which it is mined (along with other dense minerals) by placer techniques. It is separated from gangue and associated minerals, such as magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, zircon, garnet and xenotime, by ore beneficiation methods, including electrostatic and electromagnetic separations, prior to chemical processing. 

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