Inducements—Recalls

Another nontechnological activity which has received more attention in recent years is the safety-related motor vehicle recall program. Since 1966, over 100 million vehicles have been recalled to correct safety defects. The number of vehicles recalled for safety-related defects was 7.2 million in 1984 and it was 5.6 million in 1985. Presumably for approximately half of the vehicles the recall was influenced by NHTSA. Most of the safety recalls are initiated by manufacturers but presumably some would not be made without the requirement contained in the Vehicle Safety Act. The primary source of information for defects is the motoring public who send to NHTSA over 2,000 telephone and mail messages per month.  

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Shapiro J, Richardson GE. Pachtaxel-induced recall soft tissue injury occurring at the site of previous extravasation with subsequent intravenous treatment in a different hmb. J Clin Oncol 1994 12(10) 2237-8. 

Reinhard, J., et al. (2004) Floral scents induce recall of navigational and visual memories in honeybees. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4371 381... 

These so-called interaction perturbations Hint are what induces transitions among the various electronic/vibrational/rotational states of a molecule. The one-electron additive nature of Hint plays an important role in determining the kind of transitions that Hint can induce. For example, it causes the most intense electronic transitions to involve excitation of a single electron from one orbital to another (recall the Slater-Condon rules). 

The plan of this chapter is first to briefly recall the history of work in solid state chemistry. Following this, the mechanisms that the author proposes control shock-induced solid state chemistry will be considered in terms of shock-induced changes to potential reactants. Enhancements in solid state chemical reactivity are considered in Chap. 7. There are many groups who... 

We recall that the MFT assumes that does not induce any correlation between separated sites if all of the sites are mutually uncorrelated at i = 0, MFT assumes that they remain uncorrelated at all later times t > 0. A virtue of this approach is that it permits an easy derivation of the limiting value density, pt->oo- Because the underlying assumption is generally not valid, however, we should hardly be surprised to learn that the limiting densities obtained for most of the interesting (i.e, nonlinear) rules differ significantly from those obtained by Monte Carlo simulations of those same rules. 

In the identification of different polymorphs in polymers the FTIR technique presents, with respect to the diffraction techniques, the advantage of easier and more rapid measurements. In particular, the high speed of the measurements allows to study the polymorphic behavior under dynamic conditions. As an example let us recall the study of the transition from the a toward the P form of PBT induced by tensile stresses, evaluated by quantitative analysis of the infrared spectra [83],... 

Given the mixed results in the literature, it is difficult to know just how caffeine does affect memory. To some extent, the differential effects may depend on the memory assessment method (recall or recognition) and the time frame (immediate or delayed). Gender differences may also cloud the picture, as discussed above. Even when these differences are taken into account, however, unexplained discrepancies remain. One partial explanation may be that the differential effects of caffeine are a function of the subject s memory load. For example, Anderson65 found that caffeine enhanced low load memory tasks but was detrimental in high load tasks. This could be due to the increased arousal induced by the high load task, which, in the presence of caffeine, could produce overarousal. The drop in arousal output as the subject crossed the peak of the inverted U-shaped function could cause the memory deficits observed in some studies. 

Most biological reactions fall into the categories of first-order or second-order reactions, and we will discuss these in more detail below. In certain situations the rate of reaction is independent of reaction concentration hence the rate equation is simply v = k. Such reactions are said to be zero order. Systems for which the reaction rate can reach a maximum value under saturating reactant conditions become zero ordered at high reactant concentrations. Examples of such systems include enzyme-catalyzed reactions, receptor-ligand induced signal transduction, and cellular activated transport systems. Recall from Chapter 2, for example, that when [S] Ku for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the velocity is essentially constant and close to the value of Vmax. Under these substrate concentration conditions the enzyme reaction will appear to be zero order in the substrate. 

Careful analyses of the pharmacologic properties of 3H-hailucinogen binding sites indicated that they may correspond to 5-HT receptors (in the case of 3H-LSD), sigma opiate receptors (in the case of 3H-PCP), or even GABA receptors (in the case of 3H-muscimol). Such data recall that hallucinogens should interfere markedly with the metabolism of neurotransmitters in the CNS. These hallucinogen-induced alterations of neurotransmitter metabolism and functions are summarized below. 

In an elastic material medium a deformation (strain) caused by an external stress induces reactive forces that tend to recall the system to its initial state. When the medium is perturbed at a given time and place the perturbation propagates at a constant speed (or celerity) c that is characteristic of the medium. This propagating strain is called an elastic (or acoustic or mechanical) wave and corresponds to energy transport without matter transport. Under a periodic stress the particles of matter undergo a periodic motion around their equilibrium position and may be considered as harmonic oscillators. 

To answer this question, let us first consider a neutral molecule that is usually said to be polar if it possesses a dipole moment (the term dipolar would be more appropriate)1 . In solution, the solute-solvent interactions result not only from the permanent dipole moments of solute or solvent molecules, but also from their polarizabilities. Let us recall that the polarizability a of a spherical molecule is defined by means of the dipole m = E induced by an external electric field E in its own direction. Figure 7.1 shows the four major dielectric interactions (dipole-dipole, solute dipole-solvent polarizability, solute polarizability-solvent dipole, polarizability-polarizability). Analytical expressions of the corresponding energy terms can be derived within the simple model of spherical-centered dipoles in isotropically polarizable spheres (Suppan, 1990). These four non-specific dielectric in-... 

Just as in our abbreviated descriptions of the lattice and cell models, we shall not be concerned with details of the approximations required to evaluate the partition function for the cluster model, nor with ways in which the model might be improved. It is sufficient to remark that with the use of two adjustable parameters (related to the frequency of librational motion of a cluster and to the shifts of the free cluster vibrational frequencies induced by the environment) Scheraga and co-workers can fit the thermodynamic functions of the liquid rather well (see Figs. 21-24). Note that the free energy is fit best, and the heat capacity worst (recall the similar difficulty in the WR results). Of more interest to us, the cluster model predicts there are very few monomeric molecules at any temperature in the normal liquid range, that the mole fraction of hydrogen bonds decreases only slowly with temperature, from 0.47 at 273 K to 0.43 at 373 K, and that the low... 

It should also be briefly recalled that semiconductors can be added to nanocarbons in different ways, such as using sol-gel, hydrothermal, solvothermal and other methods (see Chapter 5). These procedures lead to different sizes and shapes in semiconductor particles resulting in different types of nanocarbon-semiconductor interactions which may significantly influence the electron-transfer charge carrier mobility, and interface states. The latter play a relevant role in introducing radiative paths (carrier-trapped-centers and electron-hole recombination centers), but also in strain-induced band gap modification [72]. These are aspects scarcely studied, particularly in relation to nanocarbon-semiconductor (Ti02) hybrids, but which are a critical element for their rational design. 

Much can be learned by analyzing the structure of a flame in more detail. Consider, for example, a flame anchored on top of a single Bunsen burner as shown in Fig. 4.3. Recall that the fuel gas entering the burner induces air into the tube from its surroundings. As the fuel and air flow up the tube, they mix and, before the top of the tube is reached, the mixture is completely homogeneous. The flow velocity in the tube is considered to be laminar and the velocity across the tube is parabolic in nature. Thus the flow velocity near the tube wall is very low. This low flow velocity is a major factor, together with heat losses to the burner rim, in stabilizing the flame at the top. 

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