Individually specific antigenic

As defined by Oudin, idiotypy applies to determinants recognized by an antiserum prepared in the same species, and the term, individually specific antigenic determinant, has been utilized in reference to determinants defined by an antiserum prepared in a heterologous species, such as a rabbit antiserum directed to a purified human antibody or... 

Fig. 11.2. Immunoelectrophoretic patterns showing the reaction of a serum containing human anti-A substance with a rabbit antiserum to anti-A antibodies specifically purified from that human serum. In each case the human anti-A antiserum was first subjected to electrophoresis. In the lower section the unabsorbed rabbit antiserum was placed in the trough in the upper section the rabbit antiserum had been absorbed with normal human serum. The arc in the upper section which has its counterpart also in the lower section, represents the reaction with individually specific antigenic determinants in the human anti-A antibody. Reprinted, by permission, from Kunkel et al. (3). Copyright 1963 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Under this proposal, device manufacturers could choose to use horizontal standards for class II devices when an SCGD exists or when the FDA has recognized an individual special control such as relevant vertical standards (e.g., prostate-specific antigen). In addition to the required elements of a 510(k) (21 CFR 807.87), these applications could include summary information that describes how special controls have been used to address the risks associated with the device type and a declaration of conformity with any relevant recognized standard(s), as applicable. As expected, a declaration of conformity with a standard would provide a summary of a manufacturer s efforts to conform with the recognized standard and would outline any deviations specifying ... 

On patients with cancer, the effects of green tea catechins, soy isoflavones and quercetin as chemoprotective/chemotherapeutic agents have also been studied. Although results have not been entirely satisfactory, a partial response has been achieved in some trials. For example, small decreases in plasma concentration of prostate-specific antigen were observed in prostate cancer patients who consumed soy isoflavones. Nevertheless, results in individuals with premalignant disease who consumed green tea polyphenols support their advancement into phase III clinical intervention trials aimed at the prevention of PIN, leukoplakia, or premalignant cervical disease (Thomasset and others 2006). 

IHC techniques provide important tools for the localization of specific antigens within individual cells. In CL IHC the probes used are highly specific antibodies that bind to antigens such as proteins, enzymes, and viral or bacterial products. The bound specific antibody is revealed indirectly by species-specific or class-specific secondary antibodies conjugated to CL enzymes. 

Immunoglobulins are purified from the serum (or plasma) of human donors by methods similar to those used to purify animal-derived antibodies. In most instances, the immunoglobulin preparations are enriched in antibodies capable of binding to a specific antigen (usually an infectious mi-croorganism/virus). These may be purified from donated blood of individuals who have recently ... 

In addition to the flush, wheal, and flare, transient pain and itching result from the effects of histamine on sensory nerve endings. In sensitized individuals, intra-dermal injection of specific antigens produces a wheal this reaction is the basis for a skin test to quantify the extent of the allergic response. 

During an anaphylactic reaction, large quantities of inflammatory mediators are rapidly released. The resultant reaction is severe and may threaten the life of the individual. The introduction of a specific antigen— usually in food or in injected material—into a sensitized individual can cause the rapid release of mast cell contents, producing a decrease in blood pressure, impaired respiratory function, abdominal cramps, and urticaria. Extreme and severe anaphylaxis is life threatening and requires prompt medical intervention. 

It is often important to examine and analyze individual cells.3 For example, large numbers of single blood cells can be tested for the presence of specific antigenic determinants that arise by mutation. This permits assessment of the frequency of these mutations.b The complex chemical processing of neuropeptides can be studied on the contents of a single neuron (Chapter 30) using mass spectrometry.c... 

Becker C, Lilja H. Individual prostate-specific antigen (PSA) forms as prostate tumor markers. Clin Chim Acta 1997 257 117-132. 

Forensic biochemists perform blood typing and enzyme tests on body fluids in cases involving assault, and also in paternity cases. Even tiny samples of blood, saliva, or semen may be separated by electrophoresis and subjected to enzymatic analysis. In the case of rape, traces of semen found on clothing or on the person become important evidence the composition of semen varies from person to person. Some individuals excrete enzymes such as acid phosphatase and other proteins that are seldom found outside seminal fluid, and these chemical substances are characteristic of their semen samples. The presence of semen may be shown by the microscopic analysis for the presence of spermatozoa or by a positive test for prostate specific antigen. 

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