Indirect additives to food

Table 19.10. Plasticizers permitted as indirect additives to food ...

Substances prohibited from indirect addition to human food through food-contact surfaces Lead solder 29CFR 189.240 FDA 1995... 

FDA. 1995. Substances prohibited from use in human food. Substances prohibited from indirect addition to human food through food-contact surfaces. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 189.240. 

Arthur D. Little Inc., 1990, High Temperature Migration of Indirect Food Additives to Foods, Final Summary Report, FDA Contract 223-89-2202, July. 

In addition, many grades of paper and paperboard are used in direct or indirect contact with foods. Thus, many mills only use paper chemicals that have been cleared for use by the U.S. Pood and Dmg Administration (PDA) (3), so that it is not necessary to segregate machine broke (off-grade paper and edge clippings that are reclaimed for their fiber value) and white water. Most of the chemicals discussed in this article are approved by the PDA for use in paper and paperboard that are intended for appHcations in food processing and packaging. However, there are various restrictions on both the specific functional uses and amounts of paper chemical additives which can be used, so the PDA status should be confirmed by the suppHer before use. 

A number of antioxidants have been accepted by the FDA as indirect additives for polymers used in food appHcations. Acceptance is deterrnined by subchronic or chronic toxicity in more than one animal species and by the concentration expected in the diet, based on the amount of the additive extracted from the polymer by typical foods or solvents that simulate food in their extractive effects. Only materials of insignificant risk to the consumer are regulated by the FDA for use in plastics contacted by food stuffs. 

In addition to the direct effect of film temperature on corrosion rate, an indirect effect has been observed in the heating of some foods and chemicals, in which insulating solid corrosion films form on different metals. By raising the metal surface temperature, these films may, when pervious, lead to further corrosion. 

The definition of a food additive in Section 201(s) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended ( the Act ) refers to substances whose intended use results directly or indirectly in the substance becoming a component of food. The FDA refers to direct food additives as those added to a food to accomplish an intended effect. Indirect additives are those that unintentionally, though predictably, become components of food. Components of plastic packaging materials that can migrate to food are indirect additives. 

The term food additive is used to cover any substance that is expected to become a component of human food. This covers substances intentionally added to food for their nutritional, chemical, or physical benefits (e.g., colorants and gelling agents) and substances used in the manufacture or packaging of foods (i.e., food contact substances, formerly known as indirect food additives ). The US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines food additives as substances whose intended use results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component of food or otherwise affecting the characteristics of food. ... 

Additives that can be added indirectly to food through contact of the food with packaging materials, processing equipment, or other food-contact materials (see 21 CFR 174-178)... 

The use of microcapsules in food is generally that of an additive. By regulatory definition, a food additive is any substance which becomes added to food either intentionally or unintentionally other than food itself. This includes both compounds added directly and those that are added indirectly such as migrating from packaging materials. We will limit our discussion here to direct, intentional additives. This means, for example, that the Vitamin C in orange juice is not an additive but the Vitamin C added to orange juice is. 

The plastics industry is mainly concerned with the Bureau of Foods which conducts research and develops standards on the composition, quality, nutrition, and safety of foods, food additives, colors and cosmetics, and conducts research designed to improve the detection, prevention, and control of contamination. The FDA is concerned about indirect additives. Indirect additives are those substances capable of migrating into food from contacting plastic materials. Extensive tests are carried out by the FDA before issuing safety clearance to any plastic... 

In addition to FCC labeling requirements, substances included in the Food Chemicals Codex are subject to compliance with such labeling requirements as may be promulgated by government bodies. Such substances are intended for use in foods, either directly or indirectly, and in food processing. 

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