Indicator-type variables

Fig. 4.5.10 Analysis of core-1 mucin type -linked glycans derived from apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III). Serum-derived ApoC-III from a control (lane 1, left) and a CDG-IIx patient (lane 2, right) was investigated by IEF followed by antibody staining with a polyclonal rabbit-a-human ApoC-III antibody. ApoC-IIfi ApoC-IIEand ApoC-III0 indicate the variability in the amount of sialic acid residues linked to ApoC-III...

While evaluating soil field duplicate data, the chemist may calculate the RPD as a relative measure of sample variability the values, however, should be carefully interpreted in qualitative terms. If the same contaminants are identified and their concentrations are of the same order of magnitude, the variability is deemed negligible. Great disparities in the types and concentrations of the detected contaminants indicate significant variability. Example 5.9 illustrates this point. 

One efficient removal procedure is to use a 0.45- m filter. There are basically two types of filters depth and screen. Depth filters are randomly oriented fibers that will retain particles throughout the matrix rather than just on the surface. They have a higher load capacity than screen filters. Due to the random nature of the matrix, they have no definite upper-limit cutoff particle size retained. Their porosity is identified as a nominal pore size to indicate this variable. 

Type of equipment Is pilot plant usually lieces- sary Major variables for operational design (other than flow rate) Major variables characterizing size or capacity Maximum scale-up ratio based on indicated characterizing variable Approximate recommended safety or over-design factor, %... 

A further group of ternary nitrides are of the type R2Fei7Nx where R is a rare earth element such as Sm, Ce or Nd, and x indicates the variable nitrogen content. These phases have been prepared, by nitridation at relatively low temperatures and up to 15 MPa N2, under which conditions the nitrogen content can reach x = 3. They are closely related to borides and carbides with the similar formula and have attracted considerable... 

Special attention has been paid to strategies for generating families of molecular descriptors based on generalization of classical molecular descriptors dedicated entries are, for instance, Wiener-type indices, Randic-like indices, Balaban-like indices, connectivity-like indices, and variable descriptors. 

In general, examinations of intraspecific floral scent indicate considerable variability in scent composition. Most information about qualitative variation within species comes from studies of domestically cultivated flowering plants. For a given species, it is possible that all plants produce flowers that have the same number and type of compounds. This was shown to be the case for the scents of 4 snapdragon cultivars, in which 8 volatile compounds occurred in all cultivars. A study by Kim et al. (2000) reported 41 compounds in the scent of roses including 8 different classes of compounds (alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, ethers, esters, and ketones). They examined 3 cultivars and found that each had approximately 30 compounds, but only 19 of those (63%) were found in all 3 cultivars. Another study of 4 cultivars of lavender by Kim and Lee (2002) reported that each produced approximately 28 compounds, with only 14 in common (50%) (Fig. 8.2 and 8.3). ... 

The maximum-likelihood method is not limited to phase equilibrium data. It is applicable to any type of data for which a model can be postulated and for which there are known random measurement errors in the variables. P-V-T data, enthalpy data, solid-liquid adsorption data, etc., can all be reduced by this method. The advantages indicated here for vapor-liquid equilibrium data apply also to other data. 

A variety of experimental techniques have been employed to research the material of this chapter, many of which we shall not even mention. For example, pressure as well as temperature has been used as an experimental variable to study volume effects. Dielectric constants, indices of refraction, and nuclear magnetic resonsance (NMR) spectra are used, as well as mechanical relaxations, to monitor the onset of the glassy state. X-ray, electron, and neutron diffraction are used to elucidate structure along with electron microscopy. It would take us too far afield to trace all these different techniques and the results obtained from each, so we restrict ourselves to discussing only a few types of experimental data. Our failure to mention all sources of data does not imply that these other techniques have not been employed to good advantage in the study of the topics contained herein. 

Many empirical correlations have been pubHshed in the Hterature for various types of Hquid atomizers, eg, one book (2) provides an extensive coUection of empirical equations. Unfortunately, most of the correlations share some common problems. Eor example, they are only vaHd for a specific type of atomizer, thereby imposing strict limitations on thein use. They do not represent any specific physical processes and seldom relate to the design of the atomizer. More important, they do not reveal the effect of interactions among key variables. This indicates the difficulty of finding a universal expression that can cover a wide range of operating conditions and atomizer designs. 

Process-variable feedback for the controller is achieved by one of two methods. The process variable can (I) be measured and transmitted to the controller by using a separate measurement transmitter with a 0.2-I.0-bar (3-15-psi pneumatic output, or (2) be sensed directly by the controller, which contains the measurement sensor within its enclosure. Controllers with integral sensing elements are available that sense pressure, differential pressure, temperature, and level. Some controller designs have the set point adjustment knob in the controller, making set point adjustment a local and manual operation. Other types receive a set point from a remotely located pneumatic source, such as a manual air set regulator or another controller, to achieve set point adjustment. There are versions of the pneumatic controller that support the useful one-, two-, and three-mode combinations of proportional, integral, and derivative actions. Other options include auto/manual transfer stations, antireset windup circuitry, on/off control, and process-variable and set point indicators. 

The following types of devices are commonly applied to measure the various operational parameters of thickeners and clarifiers. They have been used in conjunction with automatic valves and variable-speed pumps to achieve automatic operation as well as to simply provide local or remote indications. 

Although motors and controllers can be bought separately, the trend is to purchase a system from a given manufacturer. There are six types oi variable-speed drives, as own in F ig. 29-73. Dynamic response indicates the ability of the drive to respond to a change in command it is measured in radians/second the higher the number, the faster the drive response. 

The emissions from combustion processes may be predicted to some extent if the variables of the processes are completely defined. Figure 6-7 indicates how the emissions from a combustion source would be expected to vary with the temperature of the reaction. No absolute values are shown, as these will vary greatly with fuel type, independent variables of the combustion process, etc. 

The solvated sulfenamides [Li2( BuNSC6H4Me-4)2(THF)n] (n = 2,4) have dimeric structures with a central Li2N2 ring. The coordination mode is determined by the extent of solvation of the Li" ions monosolvation allows for rj -N,S coordination whereas disolvation restricts the coordination mode to // -M Variable temperature NMR studies indicated that a dynamic exchange between these two structural types occurs in THF solution (Scheme 10.10). The dihapto coordination mode is observed exclusively in transition-metal complexes and the... 

FIGURE 6.14 (a) Both type I and type II o -keratin molecules have sequences consisting of long, central rod domains with terminal cap domains. The numbers of amino acid residues in each domain are indicated. Asterisks denote domains of variable length. 

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