Indicator dilution

Goresky CA. Kinetic interpretation of hepatic multiple-indicator dilution studies. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 1983 245 G1-G12. 

Tirona RG, Schwab AJ, Geng W, Pang KS. Hepatic clearance models comparison of the dispersion and Goresky models in outflow profiles from multiple indicator dilution rat liver studies. Drug Metab Dispos 1998 26 465-75. Bassingthwaighte JB, Sparks HV. Indicator dilution estimation of capillary endothelial transport. Anna Rev Physiol 1986 48 321-34. 

Barreiro MA, McKenna RD, Beck IT. Determination of transit time in the human jejunum by the single-injection indicator-dilution technique. Am J Dig Dis 1968 13(3) 222—233. 

Crone C (1963) The permeability of capillaries in various organs as determined by use of the indicator dilution method. Acta Physiol Scand 58 292-305... 

Figure 1 Continued on next page) Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV) induced antigen specific proliferation of CD4+CD45RO+ cells. (A) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMQ from healthy donors n=3) were cultured in the absence of stimuli (Neg), in the presence of IRIV (V), and in the presence of control liposomes (L) at the indicated dilutions. Proliferation was measured on day 6 of culture by H-thymidine incorporation. (B) Cord blood mononuclear cells from two donors were cultured in the absence of stimuli (Neg) or in the presence of phytohaemag-glutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), IRIV (V) or L at the indicated concentrations. Proliferation was measured on day 3 of culture for PHA and ConA cultures and on day 6 for IRIV and L stimulated cultures. (Q Purified CD4+ or CD8+ cells were cocultured with autologous irradiated PBMC in the absence of stimuli (Neg) and in the presence of IRIV (V) at the indicated concentrations. Proliferation was measured on day 6 of culture by H-thymidine incorporation. (D) Purified CD4/CD45RA+ cells and CD4/CD45RO-I-cells were isolated from PBMC of one healthy donor and cocultured with autologous irradiated PBMC in the presence of IRIV (V) or L at the indicated concentration. Proliferation was measured on day 6 of culture by H-thymidine incorporation. Source From Ref 6.

KIDNEY Isolated perfused and nonfiltering kidney, 191, 31 multiple indicator dilution and the kidney kinetics, permeation, and transport in vivo, 191, 34 micropuncture techniques in renal research, 191, 72 microperfusion-double-perfused tubule in situ, 191, 98 transcapillary fluid transport in the glomerulus, 191,... 

Wash down the sides of each of the three flasks with distd w and make a final neutralization with ft.IN NaOH to green color of indicator. Dilute the contents of each flask to 50ml, add 25 ml of 0.25M H.5IOb (using a pipet or buret), mix well and allow to stand for 10 mins or more in order to achieve oxidation. Add 2 drops of the above indicator (to compensate for the bleaching which takes place) and titrate with 0.1N NaOH to a green cqlor... 

Schwab AJ, Tao L, Yoshimura T, Simard A, Barker F, Pang KS. 2001. Hepatic uptake and metabolism of benzoate A multiple indicator dilution, perfused rat liver study. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280 G 1124-G1136. 

Weak overall absorption and the peak shift to shorter wavelength at 211 nm indicate dilution. Fluorescence excitation (Fig. 14,... 

Figure 6.6. Sorption (solid lines) and desorption isotherms where O represents consecutive desorption method and indicates dilution desorption method for parathion and fensul-fothion sulfone in aqueous suspensions of an organic soil showing hysteresis, [From Bowman and Sans (1985), with permission.]...

Indicator-dilution theory (Axel 1980 Rosen et al. 1989) leads to the formula for calculation of the relative regional cerebral blood volume (rrCBV)... 

Procedure Transfer 10.0 mL each of the Standard Preparation and the Test Preparation to separate 25-mL volumetric flasks. Add 5.0 mL of Potassium Permanganate and Phosphoric Acid Solution to each, and mix. After 15 min, add 2.0 mL of Oxalic Acid and Sulfuric Acid Solution to each, stir with a glass rod until the solutions are colorless, add 5.0 mL of fuchsin-sulfurous acid TS (see Solutions and Indicators), dilute with water to volume, and mix. After 2 h, using a suitable spectrophotometer, concomitantly determine the absorbances of both solutions in 1-cm cells at the wavelength of maximum absorbance at about 575 nm, using water as the blank. The absorbance of the solution from the Test Preparation is not greater than that from the Standard Preparation. PH Determine as directed under pH Determination, Appendix IIB. 

Koscielniak, P., Kozak, J., Wieczorek, M. Calibration by the standard addition and indicative dilution method in flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 26, 1387-1392 (2011)... 

The indicator dilution method is a technique used to determine flow rates of fluids in channels for which devices like rotameters and orifice meters cannot be used (e.g., rivers, blood vessels, and large-diameter pipelines). A stream of an easily measured substance (the tracer) is injected into the channel at a known rate and the tracer concentration is measured at a point far enough downstream of the injection point for the tracer to be completely mixed with the flowing fluid. The larger the flow rate of the fluid, the lower the tracer concentration at the measurement point. 

A variation of the indicator dilution method (see preceding problem) is used to measure total blood volume. A known amount of a tracer is injected into the bloodstream and disperses uniformly throughout the circulatory system. A blood sample is then withdrawn, the tracer concentration in the sample is measured, and the measured concentration [which equals (tracer injected)/(total blood volume) if no tracer is lost through blood vessel walls] is used to determine the total blood volume. 

Figure 7. Standard curve of gel purified 60 kd protein endotoxin of Btk was generated using a double antibody sandwich ELISA. The arrows indicate dilutions of two Btk formulations absorbance values were used to determine the endotoxin concentrations of the formulations, based on the standard curve. The formulation dilutions gave curves that were virtually superimposable on the standard curve. Such similarity in shape and slope indicate that the antibody is likely binding to a specific determinant common to the purified Btk and the Btk in the formulation. In general immunoassays for biopolymers are much easier to develop than assays for small molecules. However, only recently has an interest in trace analysis of such materials begun to develop in the environmental field. Thus, sample cleanup and handling is not as sophisticated as with small molecules.

Patel, I.C. Sirs, J.A. Indicator dilution measurement of flow parameters in curved tubes and... 

Murray, J. F., and Nebel, L., Measurement of hepatic blood volume in dogs by an indicator dilution technique. Clin. Res. 7, 290 (1959). 

Meier, P. and K. Zieler, On the theory of the indicator-dilution method for measurement of blood flow and volume. J Appl Physiol, 1954. 6 p. 731-44. 

Zierler, K.L., Theoretical basis of indicator-dilution methods for measuring flow and volume. Circ Res, 1962. 10 p. 393-407. 

Gobbel, G.T. and J.R. Like, A deconvolution method for evaluating indicator-dilution curves. Phys Med Biol, 1994. 39(11) p. 1833-54. 

Figure 10. Rate functions for single-cell protein synthesis as determined by analysis of protein content frequency functions measured in steady state chemostat growth. Parameters near each curve indicate dilution rates employed (hr ). Reproduced, with permission, from Ref. 25. Copyright 1981, John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Acceptor solution 10 ml buffer solution, 4 ml mixed indicator diluted to 500 ml with distilled water and adjusted to wine red colour by adding drop-wise dilute acid or base. The absorbance of the solution at 590 nm should be within 0.25-0.3 with water as reference. 

Pang, K.S., Lee, W.F., Cherry, W.F, Yuen, V., Accaputo, J., Fayz, S., Schwab, A.J., and Goresky, C. A., Effects of perfusate flow rate on measured blood volume, disse space, intracellular water space, and drug extraction in the perfused rat liver preparation characterization by the multiple indicator dilution technique, J. Pharmacokinet. Biop-harm., 1988, 116, 595-632. 

Malcorps, C. M., Dawson, C. A., Linehan, J. H., Bronikowski, T. A., Rickaby, D. A., Herman, A. G., and Will, J. A. (1984). Lung serotonin uptake kinetics from indicator-dilution and constant-infusion methods. J. Appl Physiol 57,720-730. 

Calculate the molarities of the solutions resulting when the indicated dilutions are made. Assume that the volumes are additive. 

Introduction Indicator-Dilution Method Pick Method Ejection Fraction References... 

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