Hepatic multiple

Goresky CA. Kinetic interpretation of hepatic multiple-indicator dilution studies. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 1983 245 G1-G12. 

Growth deficiency Hepatitis Multiple sclerosis Haemophilia Blood clot Gaucher s disease Cancer... 

Sjogren syndrome. Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the exocrine glands of unknown etiology. Its primary symptoms are keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. Two types of Sjogren syndrome are distinguished a primary (isolated) type and a secondary type associated with another underlying autoimmune disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, thyroiditis, autoimmune, etc.). Ro/SS-A and La/SS-B autoantibodies are used as classification criteria. 

The MR appearance is related to the size of the lesion usually it appears hypointense in Tl-weighted images and markedly hyperintense in T2-weighted images, with a thick pseudocapsule without significant enhancement after contrast media administration. In amebic granulomatous hepatitis, multiple... 

Reesink HW, Zeuzem S, Weegink CJ, Eorestier N, van Vliet A, van de Wetering de Rooij J, McNair L, Purdy S, Chu HM, Jansen PLM (2005) Final results of a phase lb multiple dose study of VX950, a hepatitis C vims protease inhibitor. Hepatology 42(1) 234A... 

Evidence suggests that endosulfan can induce microsomal enzyme activity. Increased liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 activity was observed in male and female rats after single and multiple administrations of endosulfan (Siddiqui et al. 1987a Tyagi et al. 1984). Increased enzyme activity was observed in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. Based on the increase in aminopyrine-A-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activity, endosulfan has been shown to be a nonspecific inducer of drug metabolism (Agarwal et al. 1978). 

Tirona RG, Schwab AJ, Geng W, Pang KS. Hepatic clearance models comparison of the dispersion and Goresky models in outflow profiles from multiple indicator dilution rat liver studies. Drug Metab Dispos 1998 26 465-75. Bassingthwaighte JB, Sparks HV. Indicator dilution estimation of capillary endothelial transport. Anna Rev Physiol 1986 48 321-34. 

EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyehtis, MHVmmmt hepatitis virus, LCMVlymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, MS multiple sclerosis, IWWWest Nile virus, TBEVtick-borne encephalitis virus... 

Intravenous drug users using unsterilized needles Workers involved with non-human primates Food service handlers Patients with clotting factor disorders Individuals residing in health care institutions Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Men having sex with other men Individuals with multiple heterosexual partners Intravenous drug users using unsterilized needles Recipients of blood products... 

Alzheimer s disease Cerebral infarction Cerebral tumors Closed head injury Cushing s syndrome Hemodialysis Hepatic encephalopathy Huntington s disease Hyperthyroidism Ictal or post-ictal mania Multiple sclerosis Neurosyphilis... 

The use of duloxetine in stress urinary incontinence is complicated by (1) the potential for multiple clinically relevant drug-drug interactions with cytochrome P-450 2D6 and 1A2 inhibitors, (2) withdrawal reactions if abruptly discontinued, (3) high rates of nausea and other side effects, (4) the hepa-totoxicity that contraindicates its use in patients with any degree of hepatic impairment, and (5) its mild hypertensive effect. 

Not altered in advanced age, mild to moderate renal impairment, mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A). Sign, altered in severe renal disease and moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) Systemic exposure to duloxetine decreased by V3 in smokers (dose change not recommended) Multiple drug-drug interactions possible with CYP4502D6 and 1A2 substrates/ inhibitors... 

Voriconazole 6 mg/kg IV loading dose every 12 hours on day 1 followed by 4 mg/kg PO/IV every 12 hours Dosage adjustment in hepatic dysfunction IV formulation contraindicated if creatinine clearance less than 50 mDminute multiple drug interactions. 

There have been many sporadic reports that lipo-PGEj is effective in fulminant hepatitis, neuralgia associated with herpes zoster, multiple spinal canal stenosis, cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, and bed sores as well as for its registered indications. 

The fraction of the orally administered dose that is bioavailable to the systemic circulation (Fsystemjc) is dependent upon the fraction of the dose that is released from the dosage form (/released), multiplied by the fraction that is absorbed into the portal circulation on its way to the liver (/absorbed this is the fraction that escapes gut metabolism), multiplied by the fraction of the dose that escapes the hepatic first-pass effect (/hepatic)- Since this is a multiplicative process if, for... 

M4. Mallat, A., and Loterszlajn, S., Multiple hepatic functions of endothelin-1 Physiopathological relevance. J. Hepatol. 25,405-413 (1996). 

ApoC-I is expressed mainly in liver but also in lung, skin, testis, spleen, neural retina, and RPE. Its multiple functions include the activation of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and the inhibition, among others, of lipoprotein and hepatic lipases that hydrolyze triglycerides in particle cores. Notably, both LCAT and lipoprotein lipases are expressed in RPE and choroid (Li et al., 2006). Moreover ApoC-I has been shown to displace ApoE on the VLDL and LDL and thus hinder their binding and uptake via their corresponding receptors (Li et al., 2006). 

Neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus infection has many causes. Multiple mechanisms cause neuropathy in patients with HIV. An immune-mediated, Guillain-Barre-like syndrome (see below) may occur at the time of HIV seroconversion. Later in the course of infection, patients may present with mononeuropathy multiplex, sometimes as a consequence of vasculitis associated with coinfection with hepatitis C. Distal sensory-autonomic axonal polyneuropathy may develop in patients with more advanced HIV, either as a consequence of high titers of HIV itself or of the neurotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs [18,19],... 

The most commonly used screening method for HIV is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which detects antibodies against HIV-1 and is both highly sensitive and specific. False positives can occur in multiparous women in recent recipients of hepatitis B, HIV, influenza, or rabies vaccine following multiple blood transfusions and in those with liver disease or renal failure, or undergoing chronic hemodialysis. False negatives may occur if the patient is newly infected and the test is performed before antibody production is adequate. The minimum time to develop antibodies is 3 to 4 weeks from initial exposure. 

CYP450 antibodies leading to autoimmune hepatitis [68,69], Metabolic activation can also occur within the monocyte/macrophage and has been reported for many of the same xenobiotics (e.g., hydralazine) suggesting multiple mechanisms for xenobiotic autoimmune potential [68],... 

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