Increased pulmonary relative

Similarly, a massive Finnish mortality study, covering 1 585 000 women-years of oral contraceptive use and two million women-years of copper-bearing intrauterine device use, showed no increase in relative risk among oral contraceptive users for myocardial infarction or cerebral hemorrhage deaths however, there might have been an increased risk of death from pulmonary embolism among users of oral contraceptives (43). 

There are limited data on the pulmonary toxicity of aluminum in animals following chronic exposure. Increases in relative lung weights (21-274%) have been observed in rats and guinea pigs exposed to... 

Acute Kerosene Mouse 20 ft L aspiration Pulmonary consolidation and hemorrhage, pneumonitis, decrease in pulmonary clearance of S. aureus, increase in relative lung weight, neurological effects including lack of coordination, drowsiness, behavioral changes Nourl el al. 1983... 

Titanium dioxide appears to be relatively nontoxic. Ti has been used extensively in food products without apparent adverse effects. Upper airway irritation is the principle sign of acute overexposure. Increased pulmonary dust disposition may lead to alveolar cell hyperplasis and fibrosis. 

In early pulmonary disease, a patient may be hyperventilating while breathing room air so that the Paco2 is decreased, yet the Pa<>2 be relatively normal with such pulmonary pathology the P(A-a) 2 be increased. With frank pulmonary... 

Blockers are contraindicated in patients with severe bradycardia (heart rate less than 50 beats per minute) or AV conduction defects in the absence of a pacemaker. (3-Blockers should be used with particular caution in combination with other agents that depress AV conduction (e.g., digoxin, verapamil, and diltiazem) because of increased risk for bradycardia and heart block. Relative contraindications include asthma, bronchospastic disease, severe depression, and peripheral vascular disease. (3,-Selective blockers are preferred in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary... 

Kagawa and Toyama in Tokyo followed 20 normal 11-yr-old school children once a week from June to December 1972 with a battery of pulmonary-function tests. Environmental factors studied included oxidant, ozone, hydrocarbon, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particles, temperature, and relative humidity. Temperature was found to be the most important environmental factor affecting respiratory tests. The observers noted that pulmonary-function tests of the upper airway were more susceptible to increased temperature than those of the lower airway. Although the effect of temperature was the most marked, ozone concentration was significantly associated with airway resistance and specific airway conductance. Increased ozone concentrations usually occur at the same time as increased temperature, so their relative contributions could not be determined. 

Almitrine, like doxapram, increases the rate and depth of respiration. In addition, it is believed that it redistributes pulmonary blood circulation, increasing it in alveoh, which leads to relatively better pulmonary ventilation. It has a more prolonged effect than doxapram.Synonyms are vectarion, duxil, and others. 

Paulet and Desbrousses (1970) exposed groups of 10 rats/sex (strain not specified) to chlorine dioxide vapors at a concentrations of 0 or 2.5 ppm (6.9 mg/m ), 7 hours/day for 30 days. The weekly exposure frequency was not reported. Chlorine dioxide-exposed rats exhibited respiratory effects that included lymphocytic infiltration of the alveolar spaces, alveolar vascular congestion, hemorrhagic alveoli, epithelial erosions, and inflammatory infiltrations of the bronchi. The study authors also reported slightly decreased body weight gain and decreased erythrocyte and increased leukocyte levels, relative to controls. Recovery from the pulmonary lesions was apparent in rats examined after a 15-day recovery period. 

Isoproterenol is administered almost exclusively by inhalation from metered-dose inhalers or from nebulizers. The response to inhaled isoproterenol and other inhaled adrenomimetics is instantaneous. The action of isoproterenol is short-lived, although an objective measurement of pulmonary function has shown an effective duration of up to 3 hours. When it is administered by inhalation, the cardiac effects of isoproterenol are relatively mild, although in some cases a substantial increase in heart rate occurs. 

Butorphanol tartrate is a weak partial p-receptor agonist, 3.5-5 times as potent as morphine. The incidence of psychotomimetic effects is relatively low. The recommended doses are 1-4 mg intramuscularly every 3-4 h or 0.5-2 mg intravenously. Respiratory depression produced by butorphanol 2 mg IV is similar to that of 10 mg morphine. However, there is a ceiling effect for respiratory depression, and near-maximum depression occurs after 4 mg in normal adults. In healthy volunteers, butorphanol 0.03-0.06 mg-kg-1 produces no significant cardiovascular changes. However, in patients with cardiac disease, progressive increases in cardiac index and pulmonary artery pressure occur, and butorphanol should be avoided in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Butorphanol is metabolised mainly in the liver to inactive metabolites. The terminal half-life is 2.5-3.5 h. 

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