In obsessive-compulsive disorder

Carlsson, M.L. On the role of cortical glutamate in obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, two phenomenologically antithetical conditions. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 102 401, 2000. 

Altemus, et al Pigott, T., Kalogeras, K.., 1992. Abnormalities in the regulation of vasopressin and corticotropin releasing factor secretion in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archive of General Psychiatry 49 9-20. 

Pigott TA, Seay SM. (1999). A review of the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 60(2) 101-6. 

All benzodiazepines are indicated in obsessive compulsive disorders. Diazepam and lorazepam are effective in status epilepticus, whereas chlordiazepoxide is indicated in alcohol withdrawal. 

A considerable number of tricyclic antidepressants have been developed in the past, although with slight differences in their pharmacological activities, ah with similar efficacy. They are primarily indicated for the treatment of endogenous depression. However this does not exclude efficacy in patients in whom the depression is associated with organic disease or in patients with reactive depression or depression combined with anxiety. They may also benefit patients during the depressive phase of manic-depressive disorder. For some also efficacy has been claimed in panic states, phobic disorders, and in obsessive-compulsive disorders. 

Billett EA, Richter MA, Sam F, Swinson RP, Dai XY, King N, Badri F, Sasaki T, Buchanan JA, Kennedy JL (1998) Investigation of dopamine system genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Genet 8 163-169... 

Lesch KP, Hob A, Schulte HM (1991) Long-term fluoxetine treatment decreases 5-HTlA receptor responsivity in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 105 415-420... 

The efficacy of benzodiazepines in most anxiety disorders has been proved through extensive clinical experience and controlled trials (Faravelli et al. 2003), although it is important to note that they are not effective at treatingpost-traumatic stress disorder or comorbid depression, and there is less evidence to support their use in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Their anxiolytic effects have an immediate onset and in contrast to many other drugs, they do not cause a worsening of anxiety when therapy is initiated. 

In 1987, the FDA approved the drug fluoxetine (Prozac) for use in the treatment of major depression. Fluoxetine belongs to a class of agents referred to as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The SSRIs now include sertraline (Zoloft), fiuvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), and citalopram (Celexa). Fiuvoxamine is approved for use only in obsessive-compulsive disorder and is not discussed in this chapter. 

Greenberg, B.D., Ziemann, U., Cora-Locatelli, G., Harmon, A., Murphy, D.L., Keel, J.C., and Wassermann, E.M. (2000) Altered cortical excitability in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurology 54 142-147. 

Baxter, L.R., Jr. (1994) Positron emission tomography studies of cerebral glucose metabolism in obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 55 Suppl 54—59. 

Bergqvist, P.B., Bouchard, C., and Blier, P. (1999) Effect of long-term administration of antidepressant treatments on serotonin release in brain regions involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 45 164-174. 

Hollander, E., Schiffman, E., Cohen, B., Rivera-Stein, M.A., Rosen, W., Gorman, J.M., Fyer, A.J., Papp, L., and Liebowitz, M.R. (1990) Signs of central nervous system dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 47 27-32. 

Horwitz, B., Swedo, S.E., Grady, C.L., Pietrini, P., Schapiro, M.B., Rapoport, J.L., and Rapoport, S.I. (1991) Cerebral metabolic pattern in obsessive-compulsive disorder altered intercorrelatlons between regional rates of glucose utilization. Psychiatry Res 40 221-237. 

Jenlke, M.A., Breiter, H.C., Baer, L., Kennedy, D.N., Savage, C.R., Olivares, M.J., O Sullivan, R.L., Shera, D.M., Rauch, S.L., Keu-then, N., Rosen, B.R., Caviness, V.S., and Filipek, P.A. (1996) Cerebral structural abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A quantitative morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 625-632. 

Leckman, J.F., Goodman, W.K., North, W.G., Chappell, P.B., Price, L.H., Pauls, D.L., Anderson, G.M., Riddle, M.A., McSwiggan-Hardin, M., McDougle, C.J., et al. (1994) Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparison with Tourette s syndrome and healthy controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51 782-792. 

Lucey, J.V., Costa, D.C., Busatto, G., Pilowsky, L.S., Marks, I.M., Ell, P.J., and Kerwin, R.W. (1997). Caudate regional cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and healthy controls on single photon emission computerised tomography. Psychiatry Res 74 25-33. 

Perugi, G., Akiskal, H.S., Gemignani, A., Planner, C., Presta, S., Mil-anfranchi. A., Lensi, R, Ravagli, S., Maremmani, I., and Cassano, G.B. (1998). Episodic course in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 248 240-244. 

Pujol, J., Torres, L., Deus, J., Cardoner, N., Pifarre, J., Capdevila, A., and Vallejo, J. (1999) Functional magnetic resonance imaging study of frontal lobe activation during word generation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 45 891-897. 

Rauch, S.L., Savage, C.R., Alpert, N.M., Dougherty, D., Kendrick, A., Curran, T., Brown, H.D., Manzo, P., Fischman, A.J., and Jenike, M.A. (1997) Probing striatal function in obsessive-compulsive disorder a PET study of implicit sequence learning. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9 568-573. 

Saxena, S., Brody, A.L., Schwartz, J.M., and Baxter, L.R. (1998) Neuroimaging and frontal-subcortical circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br Psychiatry Suppl 35 26-37. 

Szeszko, P.R., Robinson, D., Alvir, J.M., Bilder, R.M., Lencz, T., Ashtari, M., Wu, H., and Bogerts, B. (1999) Orbital frontal and amygdala volume reductions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 913-919. 

Greist, J.H., Jefferson, J.W, Kobak, K.A., Katzelnick, D.J., and Ser-lin, R.C. (1995) Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analysis [see comments]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 53-60. 

Hewlett, W.A. (1993) The use of benzodiazepines in obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette s syndrome. Psychiatr Ann 23 309-316. 

Peris, M.D., and Szerman, N. (2000) Efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and olanzapine in obsessive compulsive disorder. In 4th International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Conference, St. Thomas, USA. 

Predictors of drug treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. / Clin Psychiatry 56 368—373. 

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