In neonates

Florfenicol (2) has been approved in Japan for the treatment of pseudo-tuberculosis caused by Pasteurellapiscicida and streptococcosis m. yeUowtail fish. The recommended dose is 10 mg/kg for up to one week and the drug withdrawal time is five days after cessation of treatment. Florfenicol is active in bovine respiratory disease caused by Pasteurella species and mastitis caused by Staphylococci and Streptococci. It is also effective in neonatal cohbacillosis caused by E. coli. The drug is being developed worldwide by Schering-Plough Animal Health for the treatment of aquatic and bovine diseases. 

Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Respiratory syncytial vims (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants. It is the major cause of hospitalization in the United States (- 90,000 events/yr) and it has a high mortaUty rate in neonates and other high risk populations, such as the geriatric population (51). Development of an RSV vaccine has always been a major priority, however, earlier attempts have mostiy failed (70). 

In agreement with abundant mRNA in mammary gland, high levels of apelin are present in bovine colostrum oral intake of apelin might modulate immune responses in neonates [4]. 

Hunseler C, Kribs A, Eifmger F et al (2006) Recombinant factor seven in acute life-threatening bleeding in neonates report of three cases and review of the literature. JPerinatol 26 706-713... 

Hyjjerbilirubinaemia is an abnormality observed mainly in neonates in whom the liver is insufficiently developed to be able to detoxify the bile pigment bilirubin. This situation is known as neonatal jaundice and can sometimes become a serious disease causing neurotoxic symptoms. Bilirubin is produced by the degradation of heme [the Fe(II) complex of protoporphyrin IX] by heme oxygenase to give biliverdin, which is reduced by biliverdin reductase to... 

Respiratory drive and rhythm are depressed by barbiturates. Coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and laryngospasm may occur during anesthesia with barbiturates. Sedative ot hypnotic doses of barbiturates teduce heatt tate and blood pressure to levels found in normal sleep. Anesthetic doses produce more pronounced effects. Barbiturates cross the placenta when used in labor, they can cause respiratoty depression in neonates. Anesthetic doses dectease force and frequency of uterine contractions among pregnant women. 

Arthun DA, Chakraborti TK, Chapman JL, et al. 1991. Comparison of in vivo acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition in neonatal and adult rats by three organophosphoms insecticides. Neurotoxicology 12 143. 

Liu J, Olivier K, Pope CN. 1999. Comparitive neurochemical effects of repeated methyl parathion or chlorpyrifos exposures in neonatal and adult rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 158 186-196. 

Pope CN, Chakraborti TK. 1992. Dose-related inhibition of brain and plasma cholinesterase in neonatal and adult rats following sublethal organophosphate exposures. Toxicology 73 35-43. 

An additional study reported age-dependent effects. Lakshmana and Raju (1994) found that oral treatment of rat pups with endosulfan from postnatal days 2-10 resulted in changes in the concentration of noradrenalin, dopamine, and serotonin in various brain areas that differed either in magnitude or direction from changes seen in pups treated from postnatal days 2-23. While the results from this study do not necessarily indicate that neonates are more sensitive to the toxic effects of endosulfan, they do show that the duration of exposure in neonates is an important parameter to consider. 

Gellert, R.J. (1978). Uterotrophic activity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and induction of precocious reproductive aging in neonatally treated female rats. Environmental Research 16, 123-130. 

Brain Coordination of the nervous system Glycolysis, amino acid metabolism Glucose, amino acid, ketone bodies (in starvation) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in neonate Lactate ... 

The probable metabohc defect in type I tyrosine-mia (tyrosinosis) is at himarylacetoacetate hydrolase (reaction 4, Figure 30-12). Therapy employs a diet low in tyrosine and phenylalanine. Untreated acute and chronic tyrosinosis leads to death from liver failure. Alternate metabolites of tyrosine are also excreted in type II tyrosinemia (Richner-Hanhart syndrome), a defect in tyrosine aminotransferase (reaction 1, Figure 30-12), and in neonatal tyrosinemia, due to lowered y>-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase activity (reaction 2, Figure 30-12). Therapy employs a diet low in protein. 

SCOTT F W, ROWSELL P, WANG G S, BURGHARDT K, KOLB H, FLOHE S (2002) Oral exposure tO diabetes-promoting food or immunomodulators in neonates alters gut cytokines and diabetes. Diabetes. 51 73-8. 

SERCA2a is the principal form of the Ca -ATPase in adult slow-twitch skeletal and cardiac muscles and in neonatal skeletal muscles [8,9,42,53,54,67]. It is also... 

Mantagos, S., Moustogianni, A., Varvarigou, A., Frimas, C. (1989). Effect of light on diurnal variation of blood amino acids in neonates. Biol. Neonate 55, 97-103. 

Fig. 2.9 Nasal chemoreceptive systems (Terminalis MOS and AOS) in neonate Rabbit. CP = cribriform plate F = forebrain GT = ganglion terminale NT(SNT) = Nervus terminalis ON = olfactory nvs. and F = forebrain (after Huber and Guild, 1913).

Bean N.J. and Wysocki C.J. (1985). Behavioural effects of removal of the vomeronasal organ in neonatal mice. Chem Senses 10, 421-422. 

Booth K. and Katz L. (2000). Role of the vomeronasal organ in neonatal offspring recognition in sheep. Biol Reprod 63, 953-958. 

Risser J.M. and Slotnick B.M. (1987). Nipple attachment and survival in neonatal olfactory bulbectomized rats. Physiol Behav 40, 545-550. 

The combination of a prokinetic agent and acid-suppressing drug is used commonly in pediatric patients with GERD.27 Monotherapy with an H2RA is also used frequently ranitidine 2 to 4 mg/kg/day is effective in neonates and pediatric patients. 

The levels of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors are physiologically low in neonates. Absence of vitamin K impairs y-carboxylation, and the inactive precursors of factors II, VII, IX, and X accumulate in the plasma, unable to bind calcium and cell membranes. Consequently, the precursor levels may decline further, impairing coagulation and potentially leading to VKDB. 

Elevated opening pressure (may be decreased in neonates, infants, and children)... 

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