In macrophages

Induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides or immune cytokines in macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and glia cells. Ca2+ is not required for the enzyme activation. 

Excessive NO levels in plasma if being persistently associated with expression of iNOS in macrophages... 

Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is usually not constitutively expressed, but can be induced in macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytokines and other-agents. Although primarily identified in macrophages, expression of the enzyme can be stimulated in virtually any cell or tissue, provided the appropriate inducing agents have been identified (for review see [1] and [3]). 

When induced in macrophages, iNOS produces large amounts of NO which represents a major cytotoxic principle of those cells. Due to its affinity to protein-bound iron, NO can inhibit a number of key enzymes that contain iron in their catalytic centers. These include ribonucleotide reductase (rate-limiting in DNA replication), iron-sulfur cluster-dependent enzymes (complex I and II) involved in mitochondrial electron transport and cis-aconitase in the citric acid cycle. In addition, higher concentrations of NO,... 

Tissue-Specific Expression. In the adult rodent, PPARy is expressed in brown and white adipose tissue, and at lower levels in intestine, retina, skeletal muscle, and lymphoid organs. In human, PPARy is most abundantly expressed in white adipose tissue and at lower levels in skeletal muscle, the heart, and liver, but not in lymphoid tissues, although PPARy has been identified in macrophages in human atheromas. 

In addition to the described lipid pathways mainly operative in macrophages, two further ABC-transporteis, ABCG5 and ABCG8 have been implicated in the efflux of dietary sterols from intestinal cells back into the gut lumen and from liver to the bile duct (Fig 1). Both ABC-transporters form a functional heterodimer with highest expression levels in liver and intestine and are regulated... 

Lysozyme j Hydrolyzes link between N-acetylmura-j mic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine j found in certain bacterial cell walls Abundant in macrophages... 

HIV strains are grouped according to the preferred site of replication. T-tropic viruses prefer replication in T lymphocytes and M-tropic viruses in macrophages. Use of chemokine receptors differs for each subgroup CXCR4 (or fusin, the receptor for stromal cell-derived factor [SDF-1]) for T-tropic viruses and CCR5 (the receptor... 

O Brien WA (1994) HIV-1 entry and reverse transcription in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 56(3) 273-277... 

Wahl SM, Greenwell-Wild T, Peng G, Hale-Donze H, Orenstein JM (1999) Co-infection with opportunistic pathogens promotes human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in macrophages. J Infect Dis 179(Suppl. 3) S457-S460... 

EUbott DJ, Peress N, Burger H, LaNeve D, Orensteiu J, Geudehuau HE, Seidmau R, Weiser B (1989) Humau immuuodeficieucy virus type 1 iu spiual cords of acquired immuuodeficieucy syndrome patients with myelopathy expression and replication in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sd U S A. 86 3337 1... 

Noel RJ Jr, Marrero-Otero Z, Kumar R, Chompre-Gonzalez GS, Verma AS, Kumar A (2006) Correlation between SIV Tat evolution and AIDS progression in cerebrospinal fluid of morphine-dependent and control macaques infected with SIV and SHIV. Virology 349(2) 440-452 Olah ME, Caldwell CC (2003) Adenosine receptors and mammalian toll-like receptors synergism in macrophages. Mol Interv 3(7) 370-374... 

Roy S, Cain KJ, Chapin RB, Charboneau RG, Barke RA (1998) Morphine modulates NF kappa B activation in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245(2) 392-396 Roy H, Bhardwaj S, Yla-Herttuala S (2006a) Biology of vascular endothelial growth factors. FEBS Lett 580(12) 2879-2887... 

Fuhrman, B. et al., Hypocholesterolemic effect of lycopene and beta-carotene is related to suppression of cholesterol synthesis and augmentation of LDL receptor activity in macrophages, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 233, 658, 1997. 

Cl -channels with large, intermediate, and small conductance have been found in apolar non-excitable cells. In macrophages and in fibroblasts large Cl -channels were found [33,44]. The latter preparation, lymphocytes, monocytes and keratino-cytes also contain an intermediate conductance outwardly rectifying Cl -channel... 

Brown, M. S. and Goldstein, J.L. (1980). The cholesteryl ester cycle in macrophage foam cells. J. Biol. Chem. 255, 9344-9352. 

Yla-Herttuala, S., Rosenfeld, M.E., Parthasarathy, S., Glass, C.R., Sigal, E., Witztum, J.L. and Steinberg, D. (1990). Colocalisation of 15-lipoxygenase messenger RNA and protein with epitopes of oxidised low density lipoprotein in macrophage-rich areas of atherosclerotic lesion. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 6959-6963. 

Di Rosa, M., Radomski, M., Carnuccio, R. and Moncada, S. (1990). Glucocorticoids inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase in macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173, 1246-1252. 

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