In lubrication

Properties Desired in Lubricants, Industrial Oils and Related Products... 

The presence of these acids in crude oils and petroleum cuts causes problems for the refiner because they form stable emulsions with caustic solutions during desalting or in lubricating oil production very corrosive at high temperatures (350-400°C), they attack ordinary carbon steel, which necessitates the use of alloy piping materials. 

Sulfated ash in lubricating oils in greases NF T 60-143 ISO 3987 ASTM D 874 NF T 60-144 ASTM D 128 Weight of residue after treatment of the ash by sulfuric acid and calcination As above... 

Burdett, R.A., L.W. Taylor and L.C. Jones Jr (1955), Determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in lubricating oil fractions by far UV absorption spectroscopy , p. 30. In Molecular Spectroscopy Report Conf. Institute of Petroleum, London. 

Production of pentaerythritol in the United States has been erratic. Demand decreased in 1975 because of an economic recession and grew only moderately to 1980 (69). The range of uses for pentaerythritol has grown rapidly in lubricants (qv), fire-retardant compositions, adhesives, and other formulations where the cross-linking capabiUties are of critical importance. 

Release Agents. Lecithin (2—10%) is used as a surfactant and antisticking agent in sprays for cookware and in lubricants and release agents for general food appheation and industrial purposes. 

Total Hydrocarbon Gontent. The THC includes the methane combined in air, plus traces of other light hydrocarbons that are present in the atmosphere and escape removal during the production process. In the typical oxygen sample, methane usually constitutes more than 90% of total hydrocarbons. The rest may be ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, and butanes. Any oil aerosol produced in lubricated piston compressor plants is also included here. 

Zinc dithiophosphates, which serve as antioxidants (qv) and antiwear agents in lubricants, are prepared by reaction of amyl alcohol and phosphoms pentasulfide followed by treatment with 2inc sulfate (43). 

Sulfonic acid salts have found widespread use in the area of corrosion inhibition. Lubrizol Corporation produces a wide variety of sulfonic acids, particularly in the form of magnesium salts, for use in lubricant formulations, anticorrosion coatings, greases, and resins (146,147). Petroleum sulfonates are used in epoxy resin elastomers to improve anticorrosion properties of coatings and sealants (qv) (148,149). 

Antioxidants used in lubricants are also made by reaction of sulfur dichloride with phenols ... 

Petroleum sulfonates are widely used as solubilizers, dispersants (qv), emulsifiers, and corrosion inhibitors (see Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). More recentiy, they have emerged as the principal surfactant associated with expanding operations in enhanced oil recovery (66). Alkaline-earth salts of petroleum sulfonates are used in large volumes as additives in lubricating fluids for sludge dispersion, detergency, corrosion inhibition, and micellar solubilization of water. The chemistry and properties of petroleum sulfonates have been described (67,68). Principal U.S. manufacturers include Exxon and Shell, which produce natural petroleum sulfonates, and Pilot, which produces synthetics. 

Lubricants. TeUurides of titanium, 2irconium, molybdenum, tungsten, and other refractory metals are heat- and vacuum-stable. This property makes them useful in soUd self-lubricating composites in the electronics, instmmentation, and aerospace fields (see Lubrication and lubricants). Organic teUurides are antioxidants in lubricating oUs and greases. 

In the lightening of petroleum hydrocarbon oil, esters of mercaptocarboxyhc acids can modify radical behavior during the distillation step (58). Thioesters of dialkanol and trialkanolamine have been found to be effective multihinctional antiwear additives for lubricants and fuels (59). Alkanolamine salts of dithiodipropionic acid [1119-62-6] are available as water-soluble extreme pressure additives in lubricants (60). 

---