In bronchiolitis

The conversion factor varies much less when the mean dose to all epithelial cells is evaluated (Figure 2). This is especially marked for RaC decays which contribute most of the dose. In this case, very similar doses are calculated if the complex depth distributions of Table I are represented by a single epithelial thickness of 50 pm in the bronchi, i.e. generations 1-10, and 15 pm in bronchioles. 

Because bacteria do not represent primary pathogens in the etiology of bronchiolitis, antibiotics should not be routinely administered. However, many clinicians frequently administer antibiotics initially while awaiting culture results because the clinical and radiographic findings in bronchiolitis are often suggestive of a possible bacterial pneumonia. 

Glutamine—>- Macrophages in bronchioles and alveoli, endothelial cells... 

Beta-2 Receptors. Beta-2 receptors are found primarily on the smooth muscle of certain vasculatures, the bronchioles, the gallbladder, and the uterus.9 Their presence in bronchiole smooth muscle is especially important in the pharmacologic management of respiratory conditions such as asthma (see Chapter 26). These receptors are also responsible for mediating changes in the metabolism of skeletal muscle and liver cells. Beta-2 receptors are also located on the heart, although the predominant effects on cardiac tissue seem to be mediated through the beta-1 subtype. 

Deposition by diffusion is the main mechanism for particles smaller than 0.5 pm, and is important in bronchioles, alveoli, and bronchial bifurcations. Aerosol particles are displaced by a random collision of gas molecules this results in particle collision with the airway walls [24]. Deposition by diffusion increases with the decrease in particle size, and breath-holding following inhalation was also found to increase this deposition [25]. 

Antimuscarinics Block muscarinic acetylchohne receptors in bronchioles Ipratroprium Asthma Chronic bronchitis... 

Holland VA, Cagle PT, Windsor NT, Noon GP, Greenberg SD, Lawrence EC. Lymphocyte subset populations in bronchiolitis obliterans after heart-lung transplantation. Transplantation 1990 50 955-959. 

Multislice CT is the method of choice for the morphological visualization of the airways and the associated diseases. High isotropic resolution and high contrast are the ideal prerequisites to generate MPRs in order to demonstrate the typical findings of airway disease, such as dilation, ectasis, wall thickening, increased collapsibility, and stenosis as well as visibility of small airways in bronchiolitis. The major diseases of the airways that can be adequately studied by multislice CT are tracheobronchomalacia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF). 

The EP receptor was cloned recently and its precise tissue distribution has been only partially characterized. Functional studies indicate that the EP receptor plays an important role in uterine implantation and a relaxing role in bronchioles, suggesting that its agonists could be used to treat asthma and chronic pulmonary disease. This receptor signals through increased cAMP levels. 

Bouchardy LM, Kuhhnan JE, Ball WC Jr., et al. CT findings in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) with radiographic, clinical, and histologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1993 17(3) 352 357. 

Lappi-Blanco E, Soini Y, Paakko P. Apoptotic activity is increased in the newly formed fibromyxoid connective tissue in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumortia. Lung 1999 177 367-376. 

Lappi-Blanco E, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Soini Y, et al. Intraluminal fibromyxoid lesions in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia are highly capillarized. Hum Pathol 1999 30 1192-1196. 

Mroz BJ, Sexauer WP, Meade A, et al. Hemoptysis as the presenting symptom in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1997 111 1775-1778. 

Murphy JM, Schnyder P, Verschakelen J, et al. Linear opacities on HRCT in bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia. Eur Radiol 1999 9 1813-1817. 

Major M, Poletti V, Curt A, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia primed by radiation therapy to the breast. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000 105 239-244. 

The broad spectrum of inflammatory and fibrotic lesions found in bronchiolitis may be stratified in four main histologic patterns (Table 2). 

Evans DJ, Grenn M. Small airways a time to revisit Thorax 1998 53 629. Brugiere O, Thabut G, Mai H, et al. Exhaled NO may predict the decline in lung function in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Eur Respir J 2005 25 813-819. Ghanei M, Moqadam FA, Mohammad MM, et al. Tracheobronchomalacia and air trapping following mustard gas exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 173 304. 

Vanaudenaerde BM, Meyts I, Vos R, et al. A dichotomy in bronchiolitis obUterans syndrome after lung transplantation revealed by azithromycin therapy. Eur Respir J (in press). 

Khalid M, A1 Saghir A, Saleetni S, et al. Azithromycin in bronchiolitis obliterans complicating bone marrow transplantation a preliminary study. Eur Respir J 2005 25(3) 490-493. 

Kanamori H, Fujisawa S, Tsuburai T, et al. Increased exhaled nitric oxide in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 2002 74(9) 1356-1358. 

Guinea 15-30 min pig 200 Severe lesions of upper respiratory tract mucous membranes, emphysema, inflammation and exudate in bronchioles. Faure et al. (1970)... 

Cairn J, Yek T, Banner NR, Khaghani A, Hodson ME, Yacoub M (2003) Time-related changes in pulmonary function after conversion to tacrolimus in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 22 50-57... 

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