Impact on Economy

Mikroreaktoren sind so klein wie ein Fingerhut, Handdsblatt, May 1998 Steep progress in microelectronics, sensor and analytical techniques in the past transport intensification for catalysis first catalytic micro reactors available partial oxidation to acrolein partial hydrogenation to cyclododecene anodically oxidized catalyst supports as alternatives to non-porous supports study group on micro reactors at Dechema safety, selectivity, high pressure exclusion of using particle solutions limited experience with lifetime of micro reactors [236], 

Chemiefabrik in der Grojie eines Chips, Handdsblatt, May 1996 Vision of shoe box-sized micro reactors plant cells as model for micro-reactor development cost, performance, and safety advantages LIGA process numbering-up safety processing of hazardous substances [237]. 

Sichere Chemie in Mikroreaktoren, Frankjurter Allgemeine Zeitung, December 1995 Plant cells as model for micro-reactor development micro-fabrication techniques DuPont s investigations DECHEMA s initiation of micro-reactor platform BASF s investigations general advantages of micro flow [238]. 

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Nature of the problem Nature of the effect Reversibility of effects Scale of effects Impact on economy Sectoral Human health Relatively easy Local-regional Direct losses Multisectoral Human health and ecosystem Relatively difficult International-global Substantial in course of time... 

M. S. Quraishi, Biochemical Insect Control, Its Impact on Economy, Environment, and Natural Selection, Wiley, New York, 1977, pp. 98-123. 

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are one of the key materials in low-temperature fuel cells proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMECs). Especially, recent trend in the research and development of low-temperamre fuel cells focuses on PEMFCs for transportation (electric vehicle) applications due to the impact on economy and environment. The most important role of PEMs is to transport protons formed as a product of oxidation reaction of fuels at the anode to the cathode, where oxygen reduction reaction takes place to produce water. In addition to this, there are a number of requirements for PEM materials for the practical fuel cell applications, which include... 

Salt has had a significant impact on the economies of some countries, and in some places it stUl does. Salt was the first chemical recognized and used in ancient times (69). It was first used in food for taste enhancement and as a preservative (see SoDlUMCOMPOUNDS). 

Availability and reliability have a very major impact on the plant economy. Reliability is essential in that when the power is needed it must be there. When the power is not available it must be generated or purchased, and can be very costly in the operation of a plant. Planned outages are scheduled for non-peak periods. Peak periods is when the majority of the income is generated as usually there are various tiers of pricing depending on the demand. Many power purchase agreements have clauses, which contain capacity payments, thus making plant availability critical in the economics of the plant. 

Urea is sufficiently important as an additive to PF resins for OSB to warrant some discussion. It has had a large favorable economie impact on the OSB industry. When used, it is generally added after the polymerization is complete. Thus, it is not part of the polymer and does not have any direet effect on polymer resistance to hydrolysis, as might be expected if it was part of the polymer backbone. Under alkaline pH conditions, urea-formaldehyde adducts do not polymerize at a rate that is significant compared to the PF polymerization therefore, the urea does not participate signifieantly in the euring proeess of the PF, despite the faet that it is present during the cure. Since urea is not present in the cured PF polymer per se, it does not detract from the durability of the polymer. Despite this, it is possible to see redueed OSB durability as a result of formulated urea if its use has led to actual PF polymer application rates that are too low. 

The great evaporite basin deposits of elemental sulfur in Poland were discovered only in 1953 but have since had a dramatic impact on the economy of that country which, by 1985, was one of the world s leading producers (p. 649). The sulfur occurs in association with secondary limestone, gypsum and anhydrite, and is believed Ui be derived from hydrocarbon reduction of sulfates assisted 1 bacterial action. The H2S so formed is consumed by other bacteria to produce sulfur as waste — this accumulates in the bodies of the bacteria until death, when the sulfur remains. 

The polymer field is versatile and fast growing, and many new polymers are continually being produced or improved. The basic chemistry principles involved in polymer synthesis have not changed much since the beginning of polymer production. Major changes in the last 70 years have occurred in the catalyst field and in process development. These improvements have a great impact on the economy. In the elastomer field, for example, improvements influenced the automobile industry and also related fields such as mechanical goods and wire and cable insulation. 

Worldwide traffic fatahties have increased due to the motorization juggernaut sweeping the Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) economies and other countries. Traffic accidents can only be reduced by the concerted efforts of people, cars, and society as a whole. The introduction of seat belts had a positive impact on lowering passenger fatalities and the introduction of air bags among other safety developments in motor cars is expected to reduce this further. 

Reviews and Essays on the Impact on Process Results, Sodety/Ecolc and the Economy... 

Reviews and Essays on Physical Fundaments and the Impact on Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering 27 Reviews and Essays on the Impact on Process Results, Society/Ecology and the Economy 27... 

Those of us who are strong enough, we are not supposed to be quiet and go away and die. We re not supposed to commit suicide. We have the obligation to say what we see, to share our observations. We re supposed to find one another, to work together, to have some sort of impact on the way our society is organized, and the way the economy impacts life and health. I don t know what else to do. I don t have a better plan. 

Meeting the Kyoto goals could have a major impact on the electric power and auto industries and many believed the economy would suffer greatly. Developing countries like China and India would be exempt from the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. China and India have plans to build over 600 coal-fired plants. The emissions of these plants would be 5 times the total saving of Kyoto. 

Because of the high degree of dependence of the economy on the automobile or boiler industry in these regions, it seems worthwhile to investigate the impacts on the supplier and outfitter industries arising from the technological restructuring of... 

The effects of transport on economy, people and on the environment are manifold. They include the consequences of transport accidents and fatalities, nuisance and health effects caused by steady noise exposure, air emissions and the exhaust and resuspension of particles, climate impacts by the emission of greenhouse gases, soil and water contamination, and the deterioration of natural habitats. Moreover, the financial burden of infrastructure provision and the additional travel and production costs caused by congestion should be mentioned but these items are mainly borne by transport users themselves and thus are only partly imposed on society as a whole. Not all of these effects are equally relevant for all means of transport. While accidents constitute the major problem of car travel, the railways definitely face a noise problem and air transport contributes most to the emission of climate gases. 

Economists frequently argue that congestion is a transport-sector internal phenomenon imposed by transport users on each other. Impacts on the economy, e.g., commuters arriving late at their workplace or goods deliveries being delayed are well known by the travellers or shippers and thus congestion- or delay-related time costs may be computed, but must not be added up with system-external costs. Moreover,... 

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