Adjuvants antigens

Phase Adjuvant Antigen Tumor Tested parameters... 

Inject 0.1 mL of adjuvant/antigen mixture per dose intraperitoneally (IP). 

Immunize the animal with an adjuvant-antigen mixture. After several days, the concentration of antibodies in the serum that recognize the antigen will begin to rise. 

Delivery System/Adjuvant Antigen Employed Remarks Reference... 

Keywords Adjuvant Antigen C5A C5a agonist Complement system Immunomodulator Molecular adjuvant Vehicle... 

Moser C, Metcalfe IC, Viret JF (2003) Virosomal adjuvanted antigen delivery systems. Expert Rev Vaccines 2 189-196... 

Gregoriadis, G., Davies, A., and Davis, D. (1987) Liposomes as immunological adjuvants Antigen incorporation studies. Vaccine 5, 143-149. 

Bal SM, Sliitter B, Verheul R, Bouwstra JA, Jiskoot W. Adjuvanted, antigen loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for nasal and intradermal vaccination Adjuvant- and site-dependent immunogenidty in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2012 45(4) 475-81. 

The final vacciae coataHis the two toxoids, as weU as pertussis (whole ceU or aceUular), a buffer, and an adjuvant, ie, a substance that Hicreases the response to an antigen when combHied with the antigen, eg, aluminum. As noted above, the final vacciae can also contain a component that protects against Haemophilus disease. 

Adjuvants are substances which can modify the immune response of an antigen (139,140). With better understanding of the functions of different arms of the immune system, it is possible to explore the effects of an adjuvant, such that the protective efficacy of a vaccine can be improved. At present, aluminum salt is the only adjuvant approved for use in human vaccines. New adjuvants such as QS-21, 3D-MPL, MF-59, and other liposome preparations are being evaluated. Several of these adjuvants have been in clinical trial, but none have been approved for human use. IL-12 has been proposed as an adjuvant which can specifically promote T-helper 1 ceU response, and can be a very promising adjuvant for future vaccine development. 

Several other antigens with good immunocontraceptive potential have been identified and investigated in laboratory animals. In most studies, the rate and duration of the immunocontraceptive effect are less than acceptable. A potential problem in immunological approaches to antifertUity research is the need for a safe, effective adjuvant and suitable animal models for evaluating the efficacy and safety of methods (111). Newer and more effective adjuvants are required for contraceptive vaccines and vaccines in general. 

A human contraceptive vaccine based on lactide polymers is currently being developed. The antigen is a 37-amino-acid peptide of B-HCG conjugated to diphtheria toxoid. The antigen is administered wtih microencapsulated muramyl dipeptide as an adjuvant. Studies in rabbits have shown 9-12 months of elevated antibody liter following... 

Thus, liposomes—with or without adjuvants—have a potential as antigen delivery systems. No clear insights exist on how to prepare liposome-based vaccines with optimum immunological properties by rationale instead of by trial and error. Therefore, much basic work is needed to unravel the mechanisms involved. 

Two goats were immunized three times during the first 2 weeks with 1 mg of the antigen emulsified in 1 ml of Freund s complete adjuvant at several subcutaneous sites near regional lymph centers. Booster injections of 3 mg of antigen were administered at monthly intervals. The animals were bled 7 days after each boost. After several months of immunization, the titer and affinity of the antibody response was judged sufficient for use. 

Figure 4. Comparison of Freund s Adjuvant to Adjuvax formulations in stimulating antibody response to P55 oligopeptide antigen. Relative antibody titers between adjuvant groups at day 27 were determined by measuring the absorbance at 450 nm of a 1 500 dilution of anti-P55 immune sera by ELISA.

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