Immunogenicity immunoglobulin

Recombinant DNA technology has provided an alternative (and successful) route of reducing the innate immunity of murine monoclonals. The genes for all human immunoglobulin sub-types have been cloned, and this has allowed generation of various hybrid antibody structures of reduced immunogenicity. 

Antibody An immunoglobulin that will bind with an antigen (ligand or hapten) or immunogen ... 

If the product is an antibody, then it is essential to distinguish the immunoglobulin product, e.g., mouse IgG, from any media immunoglobulin components, e.g., bovine IgG. Lucas et al.16 developed an immunoassay to measure nanogram quantities of bovine IgG in the presence of a large excess of a structurally homologous protein, mouse MAb. The bovine IgG was a contaminant that copurified with the product from a protein A column. For the bovine IgG assay, whole IgG and protein A-purified IgG reacted differently in the assay. It is important to evaluate these types of assays for cross-reactivity. For other media components, such as chemicals or antibiotics, ELISA is probably not the most appropriate method due to the low immunogenicity of chemicals. Techniques such as HPLC would be better to detect these chemical components. 

From the results reported to date, it seems that the manner in which haptens are attached to carrier proteins leads to significant differences in certain cases. Clearly, haptens designed with aromatic moieties between the linkage to the immunogenic carrier protein and the TSA motif often have better antibody recognition. Recently, Hilvert pointed out that on both micro and macro levels, mechanistic improvements arise as a function of time. The differences in time scales for the evolution of natural enzymes and antibodies — millions of years versus weeks or months — also appear to be an explanation of the low efficiency of antibody catalysts. He also highlighted that the unique immunoglobulin fold has not been adopted by nature as one of the common scaffolds on which to build enzyme catalytic machinery. Therefore, antibody structure itself places limitations on the kind of reactions amenable to catalysis. 

In Vitro and Animal Immunoglobulin Studies. When injected intramuscularly, extracts of cotton are immunogenic in rabbits, and show both true and pseudoimmune precipitating reactions (32, 33). However, in rabbits exposed to cotton dust by inhalation, as in man, no precipitating antibodies are detected (34). 

Some new materials perspective for advanced biomedical technologies, especially carbon nanoparticles like fullerenes, are potentially mutagenic, carcinogenic and immunogenic [16,65], Therefore, standard tests of the morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryonic cells in cultures on these materials (described in detail by [68,69]) can be performed. Immune activation of bone and vascular cells on the materials can be estimated by increased concentration of immunoglobulin and selectin adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, ELAM-1), which bind cells of the immune system [15,16,18,19,23], as well as by the production of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukins beta [55],... 

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