Immunization subcutaneous

For each antigen, three groups of ten mice were immunized subcutaneously on day 1 with 0.2 mL of the entrapped formulation, 0.2 mL of the crosslinked formulation or 0.2 mL of a CFA- antigen emulsion. A secondary immunization was administered on day 14 with 0.2 mL of the same Adjuvax formulations or 0.2 mL of an IFA-antigen emulsion. On day 27, serum was collected and analyzed for anti-P55 antibody or anti-BSA antibody by ELISA. 

Fig. 22. Anti-OVA titres in mouse sera at day 28 and 56 for different experimental groups immunized subcutaneously. OVA soluble - injection of soluble antigen OVA/NP - antigen formulated in nanoparticles OVA plus NP - antigen admixed with empty nanoparticles OVA/1005 - antigen formulated in CRL-1005 adjuvant. Data are presented as the mean SD. Number of responders given as a fraction. Nanoparticulate chemistry was as follows -Core 0.025 % HV, 0.025 % GL, 0.0125 % HMP, 0.4 % OVA Shell 0.07 % PMCG, 0.05 % CaCl2,1 % F-68. C/S ratio = 2/20 (mL/mL). The antigen was not cross-linked...

BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with 50-lOO Lg of the above constructs dissolved only in 100j.tl of sterile PBS and were boosted at 21-day intervals. Spleen cells were harvested, incubated with 150nM of the HBsAg CTL... 

Fig. (2l). Adjuvant Effect on IgG Isotypes Following Immunization with Ovalbumin. Mice (5/group) were either untreated (negative serum) or immunized subcutaneously with ovalbumin (OVA 2 injections 2 weeks apart) plus PBS (no adjuvant control) or the indicated adjuvants [200 pg alum, 10 pg quillaja saponin, 250, 50, or 10 pg deacylated quillaja saponin (DS. Q, saponin), and 250, 50, or 10 pg GPI-OIOO]. Blood was collected 1 week after the 2 immunization and sera were assayed for their anti-OVA IgG isotype titer by ELISA. The data points shown for each group represent the log of the mean titer (dilution at which the was 0.25 in the ELISA).

Fig. 2 (A) C57B1/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously on days 0, 21, and 35 with 10 pg OVA and 0.3 pg MPLA either in ICMVs or soluble form. Assessment of the frequency of OVA-specific T-ceUs among peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicated strong induction of antigen-specific CTLs in response to ICMV vaccination. (B) C57B1/6 mice were immunized on days 0 and 21 with vivax malaria sporozoites protein (VMP) in indicated doses formulated in ICMVs or in soluble form admixed with MPLA, Montanide, or Alum. ICMVs elicited long-sustained, high antibody titers against VMP, surpassing those induced by conventional adjuvants. Panel (A) and (B) modified from [23] and [40], respectively.

EMLA has been used in practice for many years. It has been studied and used for venipuncture, intravenous cannulation, needle immunizations, subcutaneous port access, subcutaneous reservoir access, circumcision, chest tube removal, lumbar puncture, bone marrow aspiration, and laser treatment of port-wine stains. Significant treatment effect has been demonstrated in individual as well as meta-analysis study of EMLA. Initially, a 30 min application time was recommended. However, 60 minutes will ensure significantly more anesthesia and even longer dimation (90 min) and produce improved pain relief [1,3]. 

Two goats were immunized three times during the first 2 weeks with 1 mg of the antigen emulsified in 1 ml of Freund s complete adjuvant at several subcutaneous sites near regional lymph centers. Booster injections of 3 mg of antigen were administered at monthly intervals. The animals were bled 7 days after each boost. After several months of immunization, the titer and affinity of the antibody response was judged sufficient for use. 

Sustained-release injections, subcutaneous and intramuscular, have been investigated in a variety of different formulations [217,218], Injections of degradable microspheres have efficiently prolonged delivery of numerous drugs [219-222], even antigenic substances and vaccines to produce immunity [223,224]. 

Aoki, I., Itoh, S., Yokota, S., Tanaka, S.I., Ishii, N., Okuda, K., Minami, M. and Klinman, D.M. (1999) Contribution of mast cells to the T helper 2 response induced by simultaneous subcutaneous and oral immunization. Immunology 98, 519-524. 

Fig. 15 Induction of cellular immunity by subcutaneous immunization with OVA-encapsulating y-PGA-Phe nanoparticles. Mice were subcutaneously immunized one time with OVA alone (10 pg), 10 pg of OVA and 100 pg of NPs (OVA-NPs), 10 pg of OVA and 100 pL of complete Freund s adjuvant (OVA + CFA), or PBS (control). Splenocytes were obtained from the immunized mice on day 10 after the immunization and stimulated with the OVA peptide. The number of IFN-y-producing cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. SFU spot forming units...

Gutierro I, Hernandez RM, Igartua M et al (2002) Size dependent immune response after subcutaneous, oral and intranasal administration of BSA loaded nanospheres. Vaccine 21 67-77... 

To examine the influence of different routes of administration of lipospheres on their immunogenicity, rabbits were immunized orally or parenterally (by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and intravenous routes) with lipospheres made of tristearin and lecithin (1 1 molar ratio) and containing the malaria antigen. The immune response obtained was followed with time for a period of 12 weeks postimmunization. 

No antibody activity was found after oral immunization in any of the individual rabbits immunized with liposphere R32NS 1-vaccine formulation. However, rabbit immunization by all parenteral routes tested resulted in enhanced immunogenicity, with increased antibody IgG levels over the entire postimmunization period. The individual rabbit immune response shows that immunization by subcutaneous injection was the most effective vaccination route among all parenteral routes of administration tested. 

Several investigators have shown that many of the physiological and behavioral effects of opioids can be conditioned. For example, environmental stimuli that have been paired with morphine administration can elicit morphine-like effects, such as hyperthermia, when presented in the absence of morphine [76-79], In line with these studies, our laboratory provided the first demonstration that alterations of immune status can be conditioned to environmental stimuli that have been paired with morphine administration [80-82], In that investigation, rats received subcutaneous injections of morphine in a distinctive environment. When rats subsequently were re-exposed to the distinctive... 

In our preliminary studies, we assessed the effects of morphine on infection susceptibility using a subcutaneous chamber model of Gram-negative sepsis. The subcutaneous chamber model was employed based on the well-characterized proinflammatory immune response involved in pathogenesis of the infection and its clinical relevance... 

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