Immune system immunoglobulin

Homology to immunoglobulin units is also found in molecules which are not directly involved in immune recognition. Whilst some of these molecules have no known function (Thy-1, MRC OX-2, a, B-glycoprotein), others clearly interact with homologous molecules either within the immune system (immunoglobulin receptors) or in different systems (NCAM and MAG/Ncp 3). 

The role of NFAT in the immune system is not restricted to T cells. NFAT proteins are also expressed in other cells of the immune system, such as B cells, NK cells, and mast cells, where they have been shown to regulate the expression of cytokines, cell surface receptors, and immunoglobulins [4, 5]. 

A wide diversity of herbal remedies have purported abilities to stimulate defense functions. Complexes of carbohydrate and lignin, which are present in some herbs, modulate enteric immune functions (Kiyohara et al, 2000), and the changes in cytokine secretion (Matsumoto and Yamada, 2000) can trigger systemic responses. The polysaccharides present in other herbal medicines augment production of immunoglobulin (Ig) A by the Peyer s patches in the small intestine (Sakushima et al, 1997 Yu et al, 1998). The responses of the enteric immune system to lectins are variable (Pusztai 1993), and can elicit systemic responses (Lavelle et al, 2000). Other phytochemicals provide protection by inducing detoxification pathways in mucosal cells (Williamson et al, 1998). 

The acquired immune system has probably received most of the attention in marine mammals, as has been the case in rodent and human immunology. Recent advances include the production of monoclonal [22-24] and polyclonal [25] antibodies to marine mammal immunoglobulins, enabling more precise, and often species-specific, reagents for the detection and quantification of antigen-specific antibodies. 

These chemical functions are primarily responsible for metabolic activity besides, all active functions of a small hapten should remain accessible in the hapten carrier conjugate to obtain the most exquisitely specific antibody immunoglobulin (IgG) population of which the immune system is capable,... 

Some new materials perspective for advanced biomedical technologies, especially carbon nanoparticles like fullerenes, are potentially mutagenic, carcinogenic and immunogenic [16,65], Therefore, standard tests of the morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryonic cells in cultures on these materials (described in detail by [68,69]) can be performed. Immune activation of bone and vascular cells on the materials can be estimated by increased concentration of immunoglobulin and selectin adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, ELAM-1), which bind cells of the immune system [15,16,18,19,23], as well as by the production of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukins beta [55],... 

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