Immune system antibodies

Immunotoxicological impacts include molecular and structural effects in immune tissues and organs, cellular pathology, reductions in immune cell numbers, retarded maturation of immune system cells, and altered immune system antibody production. These adverse effects are manifest by two types of reaction immunosuppression and immunostimulation. 

The first thing most people think of when they hear the word antibody is "something that floats around in my body and helps me fend off a cold or the flu." In your body, that s indeed the main task for antibodies. Tailor-made by your immune system, antibodies heal you by first identifying— then supervising the destruction of—the microbes that make you sick. Even better, the next time the same molecule or organism comes around, you have the antibodies on hand, just waiting to do away with it. Perhaps the most remarkable thing about antibodies is how versatile... 

Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. An important component of the immune system, antibodies are found in the blood of all vertebrates. The synthesis, or manufacture, of antibodies is initiated when a foreign substance, referred to as an antigen, enters the body. Lymphocyte cells respond to the foreign substance by making an antibody with a molecular arrangement that fits the shape of molecules on the siuface of the substance so that the antibody combines with it. Common antigens are the protein components of bacteria and viruses. 

In artificial immune system, antibody binds antigen (i.e. optimization is activated and control variable changed) when the current process state is the same (or similar) to the historical process pattern (written in a B-cell that has created an antibody—i.e. optimized control). Affinity between B-cell L and antigen A may be calculated as below ... 

The active immunotherapeutic approach is specific and based on the premise that tumor antigens are immunogenic and the host is sufficientiy immunocompetent to mount an effective immune response to an autologous tumor. Theoretically, a weak or suppressed host immune system that had allowed the formation of a tumor may be overridden by active immunization or immunostimulation. In practice, vaccines composed of so-called autologous tumor extracts have been used to treat patients with malignant melanoma (73), and purified melanoma tumor-associated antigens have been used to ehcit antibody responses in melanoma patients (74). 

Allergic response The release of antibodies by the immune system in response to foreign molecules in the body. 

In addition to antibodies, the immune system also consists of bone-marrow derived lymphocytes, or B cells, and T cells that come from the thymus gland, both of which (indirectly) produce antibodies. These cells, in turn, may be helped by helper cells (= H) and suppressed by suppressor cells (= S). Helper cells may be alarmed as to the presence of antigens by macrophages (= M) that eat the antigens and leave parts of their meal on their cell surface. 

The agglutination of incompatible red blood cells, which indicates that the body s immune system has recognized the presence of foreign cells in the body and has formed antibodies against them, results from the presence of polysaccharide markers on the surface of the cells. Types A, B, and O red blood cells... 

The action should not disturb the immune system, such as cell defence action known as phagocytosis and the production of antibody, which take place naturally in the presence of parasites. 

The adaptive or specific arm of the immune system consists of T- and B-lymphocytes and antibodies. T- and... 

A mechanism of cell-mediated immunity whereby an effector cell of the immune system actively lyses a target cell that has been bound by specific antibodies. The typical ADCC involves activation of natural killer (NR) cells and is dependent on the recognition of... 

A cascade of proteins of the immune response that can be triggered by antigen-antibody complexes and by the innate immune system (e.g. exposure to microbial polysaccharides) to raise the immune response. Complement proteins can detect and bind to foreign material or immune complexes and label them for phagocytosis. They can also cause inflammation by directly degranulating mast cells and releasing chemokines to recruit other immune cells into the affected area. 

Cytokines. Figure 1 Inhibition of cytokine synthesis during activation of the specific immune system. The monoclonal antibodies Muromonab and Basiliximab are specific for the CD3 complex of the T-cell receptor, and for the IL-2 receptor on lymphocytes, respectively. Cyclosporin and Tacrolimus inhibit activation of cytoplasmic NF-AT, a transcription factor essential for activation of the IL-2 gene ( NFAT Family of Transcription Factors). Sirolimus interferes with mTOR signaling and inhibits IL-2 dependent proliferation. Red pharmaka, blue target proteins. 

Antibodies are highly specific, binding only to a restricted part of a given antigen known as an epitope. Given the billions of antibody specificities that may be produced by the immune system, an antibody that recognizes an epitope on virtually any molecule may be produced. It is this property that makes antibodies immensely powerful tools for experimental, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. 

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