Images retinal

Confocal images of a matrix size of 512 x 512 pixels were obtained with either a lOx or a 20x objective lens. To image retinal vessels at different depths of retina, Z-stack... 

Netzhaut-. retinal, -bild, n. retinal image, -eindruck, m. retinal impression, -stabcheu, n. retinal rod, -zkpfchen, n. retinal cone. 

Closely related methods have been used in a number of studies. Chen et al. (2001) used the technique to investigate possible age-related variations in MP spatial distribution. Bour et al. (2002) used a film-based retinal camera to obtain retinal images at 480 and 540 nm, which they converted to... 

Chan, A, Ko, TH, and Duker, JS, 2006. Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography of canthaxanthine retinal crystals. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 37, 138-139. 

Figure 14.2 Phase contrast microscopic images of conditionally immortalized cells forming the inner blood-retinal barrier (A) and time-course of [3H] adenosine uptake by TR-iBRB cells (B). A Conditionally immortalized rat retinal capillary endothelial cell line TR-iBRB, retinal pericyte cell line TR-rPCT and Muller cell line TR-MUL. B The [ H]adenosine (14 nM) uptake was performed at 37°C in the presence (closed circle) or absence (open circle) of Na+.

The evidence to-date shows that vertebrate photoreception is mediated by a closely related group of proteins termed opsins. These are G protein-coupled receptors characterized by their ability to bind a vitamin A based chromophore ( -cis-retinal) via a Schiff base linkage using a lysine residue in the 7th transmembrane a helix (Fig. 1). The primary events of image detection by the rods and cones occurs with the absorption of a photon of light by ll-r/r-retinal and its photoisomerization to the AUtrans state (Bums Baylor 2001, Menon et al 2001). Although photoreception is best understood in retinal rods and cones, photoreception is not confined to these structures. In non-mammalian... 

Known function Image- and non-image forming light detection Photoisomerase, harvesting light energy to convert all-retinal to retinal Unknown... 

Figure 2.2 The retina consists of three layers. Retinal ganglion cells are located at the top followed by a layer of bipolar cells and receptors at the bottom. Light has to pass through the top two layers to reach the light-sensitive sensors. Information then travels upward from the receptors to the bipolar cells and on to the retinal ganglion cells. Information is also exchanged laterally through amacrine and horizontal cells. (Retina illustration from LifeART Collection Images 1989-2001 by Lippincott Williams Wilkins, used by permission from SmartDraw.com.

The information gathered by the receptors leaves the eye through the optic nerve. The optic nerve is formed by all the axons of retinal ganglion cells. Since these axons must leave the eye at some point, this causes a blind spot. There are no receptors at this blind spot. Even though a small area near the center of the image does not contain any sensors, we do not consciously perceive this lack of information. The human brain fills in the missing information. 

Fig. 5.2. Retinal cross-sections of P17 mice exposed to hyperoxia in the ROP protocol. Significant numbers of neovascular tufts are apparent on the vitreal side of the ILM in untreated mice (top image). Two large vessels protruding beyond the ILM are indicated by arrows in the untreated eye. Many fewer such nuclei were observed in vector treated eyes (bottom image).

Hayasaka et al. [157] reported the determination of the fatty acid distribution in mouse retina by using AgNPs in nano-PALDI-IMS. The sections were sliced to a thickness of 10 pm and sprayed with AgNPs or DHB matrix solution at 50 mg/mL in 70 % methanol/0.1%TFA. The mouse retinal sections were analyzed at a high spatial resolution with a scan pitch of 10 pm. The MS images showed the distribution of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). 

Grey A, Chaurand P, Caprioli R, Schey K (2009) MALDI imaging mass spectrometry of integral membrane protein from ocular lens and retinal tissue. J Proteome Res 8 3278-3283. 

Hayasaka T, Goto-Inoue N, Zaima N, Shrivas K, Kashiwagi Y, Yamamoto M, Nakamoto M, Setou M (2010) Imaging mass spectrometry with silver nanoparticles reveals the distribution of fatty acids in mouse retinal sections. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 21 1446-1454. doi 10.1016/j. jasms.2010.04.005... 

---