Ocular lens

Spector A. (1985). Aspects of the biochemistry of cataract. In The Ocular lens (ed. H. Haisel) pp. 405-438. Marcel-Dekker, New York. 

Ophthalmic Changes in the ocular lens and retina have been reported following the use of terbinafine. 

Ocular lens and retinal changes have been noted. 

The immediate or secondary necrosis (by more progressive diffusion into depth or by concomitant toxic effect) explain the macroscopic lesions of the tissues of the various eye structures (eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, even iris or the ocular lens) that are specific to the chemical bum. 

Grey A, Chaurand P, Caprioli R, Schey K (2009) MALDI imaging mass spectrometry of integral membrane protein from ocular lens and retinal tissue. J Proteome Res 8 3278-3283. 

Han J, Schey K (2006) MALDI tissue imaging of ocular lens a-crystalline. Invest Ophthalmol... 

This is interesting for fragile objects such as mammalian cells [13], which should not be squeezed between glass surfaces, and for motility experiments as the displacement of the cells is not limited vertically. The largest available magnification, depending upon the ocular-lens combination is about x 1500. This value limits the observation of the smallest cells such as non filamentous bacteria (E. coli) or plankton. 

The transsulfuration pathway involves conversion of homocysteine to cysteine by the sequential action of two pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6)-dependent enzymes, cystathionine- 5-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine y-lyase (Fig. 21-2). Transsulfuration of homocysteine occurs predominantly in the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. Deficiency of CBS, first described by Carson and Neill in 1962, is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It causes homocystinuria accompanied by severe elevations in blood homocysteine (>100 (iM) and methionine (>60 (iM). Homocystinuria due to deficiency of CBS occurs at a frequency of about 1 in 300,000 worldwide but is more common in some populations such as Ireland, where the frequency is 1 in 65,000. Clinical features include blood clots, heart disease, skeletal deformities, mental retardation, abnormalities of the ocular lens, and fatty infiltration of the fiver. Several different genetic defects in the CBS gene have been found to account for loss of CBS activity. 

Epand RM. Cholesterol in bilayers of sphingomyelin or dihydrosphingomyelin at concentrations found in ocular lens membranes. Biophys J. 2003 84 3102-3110. 

In eukaryotic cells, one of the most important, or even the most important, lipid is cholesterol. Cholesterol constitutes about 30 0 mol% of the plasma membrane, and in the ocular lens membrane, its amount can be as large as about 80mol%. Therefore, the role of cholesterol deserves the particular attention discussed below. 

The familiar monocular compound optical microscopes (i.e., microscopes that have a single lens as the eyepiece, or ocular, lens) are being replaced in many laboratories with binocular styles. These microscopes have a single objective lens, but two ocular ones, each in its own eyepiece. Light coming through the objective lens is split into two beams by a prism. Each eye sees the exact same image, so there is no three dimensional effect. 

Animal studies have documented a characteristic change in the ocular lens, resulting in myopia, which becomes more severe with long-term administration or high concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide. However, studies and clinical experience have not shown similar effects in humans (9,10)... 

Stern RS. Ocular lens findings in patients treated with PUVA. Photochemotherapy Follow-Up-Study. J Invest Dermatol 1994 103(4) 534-8. 

The participation of aldose reductase in the development of diabetic complications is assumed to be based on a triad of tissue effects sorbitol accumulation, myo-inositol depletion and decreased activity of Na/K-ATPase. These alterations, first described in the ocular lens, also occur in other tissues like the renal glomerulus, peripheral nerves and the retina. The enhanced activity of aldose reductase may therefore be involved in the development of diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy, although it may not be the sole factor underlying these complications. 

B14. Bhuyan, K. C., and Bhuyan, D. K., Superoxide dismutase of the eye Relative functions of superoxide dismutase and catalase in protecting the ocular lens from oxidative damage. Bio-chim. Biophys. Acta 542, 28-38 (1978). 

Sivak, J.G., Gershon, D., Dovrat, A., and Weerheim, J. (1987) Ocular lens organ culture system for in vitro toxicology, in Goldberg, A.M. (Ed.) In Vitro Toxicology, Approaches to Validation, Alternative Methods in Toxicology, New York M.A. Liebert, Inc., 499-506. 

Sivak. J. G.. Stuart, D. D., Hebert. K., Van Oostraw. J. A., and Segal. L. (1992). Optical properties of the cultured bovine ocular len.s as an in vitro alternative to the Draizc eye toxicity test Preliminary validation for alcohols. Toxicol. Metluxls 2, 280-294. 

Blood pump and reservoirs, membrane for blood dialyzer, implantable ocular lens, and bone cement... 

Beam guidance, shaping Fused-silica optical fiber with contact tip or flat ended for beam emission, lensed handpiece. Sht lamp with ocular lens Flexible articulated arm with mirrors lensed handpiece or mirrored-microscope platen... 

Ocular lens Lens in the microscope that further magnifies the image creased by the objective lens. 

Total magnification Obtained by multiplying the magnifying power of the objective lens by the magnifying power of the ocular lens. 

Compoimd Microscope Optical microscope containing two lenses, the objective and the eyepiece (or ocular lens). 

Ocular Lens Upper lens, or eyepiece, in a microscope, through which the viewer looks. 

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