Illuminating resins

Beckman Elutriation Method. The Beckman elutriation method uses a chamber designed so that the centrifugal effect of the radial inward fluid flow is constant (Fig. 3). The separation chambers are made of transparent epoxy resin which faciUtates observation of the movements of the cell boundary in strobe light illumination. This enables detection of the radius at which the cells are separating. When a mixture of cells, eg, mononuclear white cells, enters the chamber, separation can be achieved by fine tuning centrifuge speed and inward fluid flow to the specific cell group. This is a laboratory method suitable for relatively small numbers of cells. Chambers are available in sizes to handle 2-3 x 10 , 1 2 x 10 , and 1 x 10 ° cells. The Beckman chambers can be appHed to collect mononuclear cells from bone marrow aspirates. 

Different types of gel materials, such as polysaccharides, proteins and synthetic polymers, are now used to entrap biocatalysts. Among them, photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymer ENTP-4000 as shown in Eig. 7 is more useful compared to others. Entrapment of biocatalysts should be carried out under the illumination of near ultraviolet hght within 3-5 min, by which high temperatures, shifts of pH to extremely alkahne or acidic sides are avoided. ENTP-4000, hydrophobic photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymer, is one of the most suitable prepolymers for entrapment of p-glucosidase. Molecular weight of its main chain is about 4000. 

Immobilization of (3-D-glucosidase from almonds on photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymer (ENTP-4000) was carried out by the following procedure. One gram of ENTP-4000 was mixed with 10 mg of a photosensitizer, benzoin ethyl ether, and 110 mg of (3-D-glucosidase from almonds (3.4 units mg ). The mixture was layered on a sheet of transparent polyester film (thickness, ca. 0.5 mm). The layer was covered with transparent thin film and then illuminated with chemical lamps (wavelength range 300 00 nm) for 3 min. The gel film thus obtained was cut into small pieces (0.5 x 5 x 5 mm) and used for bioconversion reaction. 

Recently, results of careful experiments were reported by Ito et a/.101 They claimed that formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol, which had been previously reported as photoelectrochemical reduction products of carbon dioxide, were observed also by photolysis of cell materials, such as electrolytes, including 15-crown-5 ether, and epoxy resin, which has often been used as the molding material of semiconductor electrodes in aqueous solutions. Previously reported reduction products were obtained also under nitrogen with (Table 4) and without (Table 5) a p-GaP photocathode under illumination. These precise experiments under improved conditions, where no photolytic products were observed, gave the result that the main reduction product of carbon dioxide at a p-GaP photocathode in aqueous electrolytes was formic acid. Thus, many kinds of products reported in previous papers83,97,100 were suggested to be due to photolysis of cell materials. 

UV-radiation curing has become a well-accepted technology which has found numerous industrial applications because of its distinct advantages 1-3. One of its main characteristics is the rapidity of the process which transforms quasi-instantly the liquid resin into a solid polymer under intense illumination by a UV-source or a laser beam4. The polymerization rate can be finely controlled by acting on the initiation rate through the intensity of the UV radiation. It is... 

Figure 5 contains experimental profiles of the reaction temperature at the bottom of the sample as a function of time for nearly adiabatic photopolymerizations of Derakane resins containing between 0 and 60 wt.% of the glass fibers. The figure illustrates that for all fiber loadings, upon illumination the temperature exhibits an initial increase from room temperature to a final plateau value around 130°C. Moreover, the figure illustrates that as the fiber loading is increased, both the rate of the initial temperature increase, and the final plateau value, are reduced. These trends are easily explained by the reduction in the reactive fraction of the sample... 

Ml 14 use First Fire Composition contg BkPdr (Black Powder) 25 St Igniting Composition 75% Igniting Composition consists of Mg 48.5, K perchlorate 48.5 St Bakelite Resin No 4036 3.0% and Illuminant Compositions No 1 - Sr nitrate 47.0, Mg 47.0,... 

Many investigators have studied the effect of binders and their percentages on the efficiency of illuminating formulations. In general, the luminosity and luminous efficiency increase to a maximum at =4—6% of the binder and thereafter decrease. It has also been reported that binders with high oxygen content, such as unsaturated polyesters and epoxy resins, improve the efficiency... 

With the advancement of polymer chemistry, a wide range of polymers are now available for use as binders for HEMs. The extensive use of polymers such as unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins, epoxy-PS blends and VAARs as binders for illuminating formulations has been reported in the literature. The chemistry of unsaturated polyesters and epoxy resins has already been discussed in Chapter 4 on propellants. Some salient features of liquid PS and its blends with epoxy resin and VAARs are given in this section. 

Epoxy-Liquid Polysulfide Blends Epoxy resins in combination with liquid PSs appear to possess many added advantages as the elastomeric PS segments in epoxy chains impart permanent flexibility [18]. Epoxy-liquid PS blends have been reported as binders for Army illuminating formulations [8]. Similarly, novolac epoxy-liquid PS blends have been reported for inhibition of composite propellants [19]. 

Transparent resins are used as the materials for molded products, such as automobile components, illumination equipment, and electrical components. Transparent resins, which can be applied to such applications, include poly(carbonate) (PC)-based resins and acrylic-based resins. 

Some expl compns, contg C and examined at PicArsn included Illuminating Composition, Sr(N03)2 54, Mg 33, PVC 10, C 3 Ca stearate 1% Squib, NC, (lacquer) 51, KC103 44 C 555 Flare, Mg 44, NaCl04 35, Na202 4, phenolformaldehyde resin 15 graphite 255 ... 

Resin Systems in Illuminating Flares , NAV-AMMODEP RDTR101, Crane (1966)... 

Uses Phenol is a white crystalline substance with a distinct aromatic, acrid odor. Phenol is used in the production of explosives, fertilizer, coke, illuminating gas, lampblack, paints, paint removers, rubber, perfumes, asbestos goods, wood preservatives, synthetic resins, textiles, drugs, and pharmaceutical preparations. It also is extensively used as a disinfectant in the petroleum, leather, paper, soap, toy, tanning, dye, and agricultural industries. 

So is the case in polymers containing additive systems. As will be shown, some additive systems can impart so much light scattering to the base resin that certain colors can no longer be achieved. Or if they can be achieved, other properties may be adversely affected, such as impact strength and cost. In either case, the practical color gamut or palette that is obtainable with this particular resin system is reduced. The discussion below presents the effects that the polymer and its additives can have on colorability. Color data presented in the following tables have been calculated under illuminant D-65,10° observer, specular included, expressed in CIELAB units, unless otherwise noted. 

---