Bakelite resin

Historically, the outbreak of the first World War provided a stimulus for the industrial preparation of large amounts of synthetic phenol, which was needed as a raw material to manufacture the explosive picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol). Today, more than 2 million tons of phenol is manufactured each year in the United States for use in such products as Bakelite resin and adhesives for binding plywood. 

Phenolic resins were discovered by Baeyer in 1872 through acid-catalyzed reactions of phenols and acetaldehyde. Kleeberg found in 1891 that resinous products could also be formed by reacting phenol with formaldehyde. But it was Baekeland who was granted patents in 1909 describing both base-catalyzed resoles (known as Bakelite resins) and acid-catalyzed novolac products.2... 

Ml 14 use First Fire Composition contg BkPdr (Black Powder) 25 St Igniting Composition 75% Igniting Composition consists of Mg 48.5, K perchlorate 48.5 St Bakelite Resin No 4036 3.0% and Illuminant Compositions No 1 - Sr nitrate 47.0, Mg 47.0,... 

Binders (i) Natural (beeswax, paraffin wax, shellac and boiled linseed oil etc.) and (ii) man-made (Bakelite resin, polyester resin, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated rubber, Thiokol rubber and epoxy resin etc). 

Man-made binders Bakelite resin, polyester resin, chlorinated rubber, polyvinyl chloride, Thiokol rubber, epoxy resin, Thiokol-epoxy blends, vinyl acetate alcohol resin (VAAR), Viton-A, Teflon and Kel-F800 etc. 

Bakelite Resin G P A P P A G P G Applied as spirit varnish to magnesium powder... 

Continuation of these reactions at the 2-, 4-, and 6-positions of the benzenol leads to the cross-linked three-dimensional Bakelite resin ... 

As with the alkyd resins (Section 29-5A), the initial polymerization of a Bakelite resin usually is carried to only a relatively low stage of completion. The low-melting prepolymer (called a resole) then is heated in a mold to... 

Syntheses of a number of polymers are based on condensation of methanal with amino compounds by mechanisms at least formally analogous to those involved in the preparation of Bakelite resins. The key reactions are ... 

Phenol-methanal adhesives are currently used in about one tenth of all plywood and particle board. The binding technology represented by these Bakelite resins would be more widely applied if the reagents, particularly the phenol, were cheaper. Using lignin in place of phenol will sharply reduce the cost of the binder [26]. Unfortunately, lignin is not structurally equivalent to phenol. 

This high reactivity is especially essential for the production of phenol/formal-dehyde condensation products (Bakelite resins) phenol/formaldehyde resins were the first synthetic plastics, with production patented by Leo H. Baekeland in 1907. In addition to phenol, cresols, xylenols and long-chain alkylphenols are used to obtain special quality characteristics. Phenolic resins are used widely for numerous applications. Phenolic resin production in Western Europe in 1985 was around 500,0001, in the USA 1,150,0001 and in Japan 325,0001. 

Baekeland [8, 9] was granted a patent in 1909 describing his alkaline-catalyzed Bakelite resins ( resoles ) and also the acid-cured novolak product. He conceived the idea of using counterpressure during hot cure to prevent bubbles and foaming from heat and was able to produce strong cured resinous products. 

Bakelite Resins for Coatings and Adhesives, Tech. Brochure No. J-2295-C. Union Carbide, New York, New York, 1974 Coating Materials, Tech. Brochure No. F4-2504, 106-9-30M. Union Carbide, New York, New York, 1974. 

The incorporation of adhesion additives is known to improve adhesion. Typical examples are phenolic resin additives, for example, Methylon AP-108, Durez 10674, Bakelite Resin BRL 2741, and Resinox 568. Epoxies also perform well as adhesion promoters. In some instances, silanes (e.g., A-187 and A-189) are known to improve the polysulfide oligomer adhesion. 

Continued condensation yields a branched oUgomer that is produced as a Bakelite resin (Figure 28.13). This low-melting oligomer is then heated in a mold to give a thermosetting polymer with many more cross-hnks. 

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