Identification of a single

When the gas chromatograph is attached to a mass spectrometer, a very powerful analytical tool (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS) is produced. Vapour gas chromatography allows the analyses of mixtures but does not allow the definitive identification of unknown substances whereas mass spectrometry is good for the identification of a single compound but is less than ideal for the identification of mixtures of... 

Hijikata M, Ohta Y, Mishiro S. Identification of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the MxA gene promoter (G/T at nt -88] correlated with the response of hepatitis C patients to interferon. Intervirology 2000 43[2] 124—127. 

Barker, E. L. and Blakely, R. D. (1996) Identification of a single amino acid, phenylalanine 586, that is responsible for high affinity interactions of tricyclic antidepressants with the human serotonin transporter. Mol. Pharmacol. 50, 957-965. 

Library A collection of antibodies, usually Fab or scFv fragments, in the range of 106 to 1010 and displayed on the surface of bacteriophage whose DNA gene contains a DNA sequence capable of expression as the antibody protein. Thus, identification of a single member of the library by selection can be used to generate multiple copies of the phage and sizeable amounts of the antibody protein. 

Bonne, C., Sautiere, P., Duguet, M., and de Recondo, A.M. (1982) Identification of a single-stranded DNA binding protein from rat liver with high mobility group protein 1. J. Biol. Chem. 257,... 

Inoue T, Okauchi Y, Matsuzaki Y, Kuwajima K, Kondo H, Horiuchi N, Nakao K, Iwata M, Yokogoshi Y, Shintani Y, Bando H, Saito S (1998) Identification of a single cytosine base insertion mutation at Arg-597 of the / subunit of the human epithelial sodium channel in a family with Liddle s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 138 691 -697... 

Once a transformation has been characterised, rate laws can be investigated. Sometimes, the kinetic study is simply to obtain rate data for technological reasons, and empirical rate laws may be sufficient. Fundamental knowledge of the reaction mechanism, however, generally offers better prospects for process optimisation. A simple kinetics study seldom allows identification of a single mechanism because different mechanisms may lead to the same rate law (see kinetic equivalence above and in Chapters 4 and 11). A mechanistic possibility may be rejected, however, if its predicted rate law is not in accord with what is observed experimentally. 

It is clear that Mn and Gd can be sensitive EPR probes of structure and function in membrane enzyme systems. If problems of purity and concentration can be overcome, several other membrane enzymes should be amenable to EPR investigations of the type described here. Moreover, the combination of nuclear relaxation studies and EPR studies of free and bound metals can provide sufficient data for the construction of models of active sites for membrane enzymes. For each paramagnetic probe which can be located unambiguously and uniquely at the active site, one more spatial dimension is added to the picture. Thus the identification of a single Mn2+ site on the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase has permitted the determination of three distances between Mn2+ and... 

While these examples illustrate diagnosis by identification of a single PCR-amplification product, microdevices have also been used for separation of clinically relevant multiplex amplifications. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a number of mutations within the very large dystrophyn gene. These are identified by PCR amplification of several exon regions of the gene in two multiplex PCR reactions. Separation of these products on microchips has... 

Kneipp K, Kneipp H, Kartha VB, Manoharan R, Deinum G, Itzkan I, Dasari RR, Feld MS (1998) Detection and identification of a single DNA base molecule using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Phys Rev E 57 R6281-R6284... 

Pitarque M, von Richter O, Oke B, Berkkan H, Oscarson M, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Identification of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the TATA box of the CYP2A6 gene impairment of its promoter activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001 284 455-60. 

These can be performed successfully with AES. Indeed, the unambiguous detection and identification of a single non-interfered atomic spectral line of an element is sufficient to testify to its presence in the radiation source and in the sample. The most intensive line under a set of given working conditions is known as the most sensitive line. These elemental lines are situated for the various elements in widely different spectral ranges and may differ from one radiation source to another, as a result of the excitation and ionization processes. Here the temperatures of the radiation sources are relevant, as the atom and ion lines of which the norm temperatures (see Section 1.4) are closest to the plasma temperatures will be the predominant ones. However, not only will the plasma temperatures but also the analyte dilutions will be important, so as to identify the most intensive spectral lines for a radiation source. Also the freedom from spectral interferences is important. 

Thus, the metanephric mesenchyme contains multipotent progenitors or embryonic renal stem cells with the ability to generate, in concert with the ureteric bud, many cell types in the mature kidney. While the ultimate goal is the identification of a single nephrogenic stem cell that... 

In the meantime, immunochemical reactions were carried out in agar gel, and experience showed that an increased sensitivity was gained with such techniques. They allowed the identification of a single protein in far smaller microquantities than would be possible with chemical or physicochemical methods. However, the main progress was achieved when Grabar and Williams (Gl, G2) combined the foregoing electrophoretic fractionation of the serum protein in agar gel with the reaction of a specific antiserum. 

In practice, within the framework of this book, this petrochemical process evaluation is limited to the production of second generation intermediates. Moreover, it does not lead to the identification of a single solution, but to the consideration of several different schemes, in as mnch as each offers a technologically viable answer. It also consists in emphasizing the technical requirements of the conversion operations planned, as well as potential unfeasibilities related to tbe inherent facts of the problem this means the need to propose alternative solutions, requiring a minimum of adaptation of the basic data. 

Guan, X.-M., Peroutka, S.J. and Kobilka, B.K. (1992) Identification of a single amino acid residue responsible for the binding of a class of P-adrenergic receptor antagonists to 5-hydroxytryptamineiA receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 41 695-698. 

Dasari, and M.S. Feld, Detection and Identification of a Single DNA Base Molecule Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), Phys. Rev. E 57, R5281-R6284 (1998)... 

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