Identification and Authentication

A variety of methods are used for identification and authentication, ranging from microscopes to the most complex and sophisticated scientific instruments available. In the examples provided in this chapter, we consider the microscopic identification of species-specific starch grains from South America to identify early traces of plant domestication. An SEM is used to identify plant remains from the Pacific and the very early spread of sweet potatoes from South America westward. A petrographic microscope is used to characterize the micromorphology and identify the contents of house floors in a prehistoric site in British Columbia. Finally GC/MS instrumentation is used to identify the chocolate contents of distinctive ceramic jars found in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. 

The identification of many archaeological objects happens in the field or shortly thereafter when recovered items are cataloged. The catalog of finds includes the location and context of an item, as well as a detailed description. This description includes both identification as to type of object (for example, arrowhead, grinding stone, awl, potsherd, and so forth) and material (for example, obsidian, sandstone, bone, ceramic, respectively). Nonetheless, some objects cannot be readily identified. 

Another, relatively new approach to mineral identification in pottery and stone is the use of Raman infrared spectroscopy, discussed in Sect. 4.5, which has the advantages of being both nondestructive and portable. Raman spectroscopy provides information about molecular vibrations that can be used for sample identification and quantification. IR spectroscopy provides compositional information about specific compounds, rather than elemental concentrations. IR spectroscopy works by inducing vibrations within a molecule. Specific infrared wavelengths correspond to particular modes of vibrations among particular atoms. 

Some geological materials, specifically clays, ochres, and finely powdered mineral pigments have particle sizes too small to be studied by petrography, but can be analyzed by either Raman IR spectroscopy or by X-ray diffraction. The interpretation of data from both methods, however, is difficult if more than a few minerals are present. 

For organic compounds, quite different methods of study are required. Usually 

---

In this paper, we have described the design and implementation of a distributed event gathering application. The application relies on standard software tools such as databases and web servers for ensuring identification and authentication of users and storing data in a secure and reliable fashion. It also uses well-known transport layer security tools, such as SSH or virtual... 

It is important for the industry to understand FDA s rationale in establishing these regulations, if appropriate and reasonable compliance policies and procedures are to be implemented. Any industry interpretation of the rule should be based on a thorough understanding of the preamble discussion of the final regulation. " FDA s concern to protect the public health translates into four major issues addressed by the Final Rule identification and authentication of data and source system confidentiality and security accountability for signing a document and enforcement. 

Identification and Authentication of Data and Data Source (Audit Trail). The ability to verify the integrity of records and to trace accountability for creation and modification of data are probably the most significant concerns of the FDA in relation to their ability to protect the public health and hold individuals and corporations accountable. 

However, the provisions with regard to labelling do allow for differences to arise between labels for products destined for different Member States. The variation in material is intended to be located in one place on a product label, which has come to be known as the blue box . Within the blue box. Member States are allowed to require information about the price of the product, reimbursement conditions, legal status and other information that goes to product identification and authenticity . This... 

Identification and authentication of the plant material, especially botanical identity and... 

---