ID-MS isotope dilution mass

ETA-AAS, Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry FAAS, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry HG-AAS, Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ICP-AES, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ID-MS, Isotopic Dilution Mass Spectrometry NAA, Neutron Activation Analysis Q-ICP-MS, Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry SS-Z-ETA-AAS, Solid Sampling Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Z-ETA-AAS, Zeeman Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry... 

Second-generation reference material refers to the serum preparation of Versieck et al. [49]. ID-MS, isotope dilution-mass spectrometiy NAA, neutron activation analysis FAAS, flame atomic absorption spectrometry ETAAS, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometiy. 

Notes SEM, scanning electron microscope EDS, energy-dispersive sensor TEM, transmission electron microscr y SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry TIMS, thermal ionization mass spectrometry ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry XRF, x-ray fluorescence ID-MS, isotope dilution mass spectrometry XRD, x-ray diffraction GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 

Calcium exists in the human body as Ca(II) protein-bound and free Ca (II) ions (Dilana et al. 1994). For total extracellular Ca in plasma, serum and urine a definitive isotope dilution-mass spectrometry (ID-MS) method exist. Free Ca(II) in plasma/serum can be determined with PISE, but no definitive and reference methods exist. For Ca in faeces, tissue and blood flame atomic absorption (FAAS) is used widely. 

If the reference materials are pure substances and can be specified on the microscopic level, then they represent the unit amount of substance. Because there are no absolute pure substances the representation is in all cases an approximation. The degree of approximation is given by the accuracy of the contents of the main component. In case of pure elements, e.g. metals Fe, Cu, Zn the determination of the main component by coulometry is limited by an uncertainty of 0.01%. The determination of all impurities needs completeness and requires a great deal of analytical equipment. However, a combination of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS) covering all elements of the periodic table allows a decrease of total uncertainty to 0.0032% (Cu, see Fig. 8). 

Given a field method, some bias or nonspecificity may be present, and the target and true values ai e Ukely to differ somewhat. For example, if we measure creatinine with a chromogenic method, which co-determines some other components with creatinine in serum, we will likely obtain a higher target value than when we use a specific isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS) reference method (i.e.. 

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Methods The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) has approved a method using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) as a reference method for measuring total serum calcium. This method has been compared with isotope dilution-mass spectrometry (ID-MS), the definitive method for total serum calcium developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The reference method is reported to have an accuracy of 100 2%, compared with 100 0.2% for ID-MS. Although AAS can provide better accuracy and precision for total serum calcium than the widely used photometric methods, it is used by only a few laboratories. It should continue to be used for validating new total calcium methods. 

Analytical Methods and Speclatlon Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ETAAS), differential pulse adsorption voltammetry (DPAV), isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) furnish the requisite sensitivity for measurements of nickel concentrations in biological, technical and environmental samples (Aggarwal et al. 1989, Case et al. 2001, Stoeppler and Ostapczuk 1992, Templeton 1994, Todorovska et al. 2002, Vaughan and Templeton 1990, Welz and Sperling 1999). The detection limits for nickel determinations by ETAAS analysis with Zeeman background correction are approximately 0.45 jg for urine,... 

ID-FAB-MS isotope dilution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry ID-ICP isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma... 

ID-ICP-MS isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry IDLH value Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health dose of a toxic substance (NIOSH)... 

In cases which require extreme accuracy and precision, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS) may be used to measure Pb concentrations. This consists of an addition to the sample of a solution of well-known Pb concentration and isotopic composition ( spike ) followed by determination of the isotopic composition of the spiked sample using mass spectrometry, Q-ICP-MS, ICP-SMS, multi-collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS), or thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). 

Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS) is widely accepted as a quantification procedure of proven accuracy in elemental analysis and isotope ratio measurements [4]. Several areas of research in nuclear science, geochronology, medicinal chemistry, environmental science, and agricultural science have benefited from this technique. ID-MS is applicable to all elements that have at least two stable isotopes. Monoisotopic elements can be analyzed only if they have a long-lived natural or artificial radioisotope. For example, iodine and thorium have been determined with spikes of the long-lived isotopes 29i and 25 Th, respectively [44]. TI-MS and ICP-MS are the methods of choice for accurate ID-MS analysis. ICP-MS has the advantage that several elements can be analyzed simnltaneously under the same experimental conditions. Other ionization techniqnes discussed in this chapter have also been coupled with ID-MS. 

Thermogravimetry, thermogravimetric analysis Thermochromatography Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation GC-MS Thermal ionisation-isotope dilution mass spectrometry cfr. also ID-TIMS)... 

In isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) the spike, the unspiked and a spiked sample are measured by ICP-MS in order to determine the isotope ratio. Using this technique, more precise and accurate results can be obtained than by using a calibration graph or by standard addition. This is due to elimination of various systematic errors. Isotopes behave identically in most chemical and physical processes. Signal suppression and enhancement due to the matrix in ICP-MS affects both isotopes equally. The same holds for most long-term instrumental fluctuations and drift. Accuracy and precision obtained with ID-ICP-QMS are better than with other ICP-QMS calibration... 

It is critical when performing quantitative GC/MS procedures that appropriate internal standards are employed to account for variations in extraction efficiency, derivatization, injection volume, and matrix effects. For isotope dilution (ID) GC/MS analyses, it is crucial to select an appropriate internal standard. Ideally, the internal standard should have the same physical and chemical properties as the analyte of interest, but will be separated by mass. The best internal standards are nonradioactive stable isotopic analogs of the compounds of interest, differing by at least 3, and preferably by 4 or 5, atomic mass units. The only property that distinguishes the analyte from the internal standard in ID is a very small difference in mass, which is readily discerned by the mass spectrometer. Isotopic dilution procedures are among the most accurate and precise quantitative methods available to analytical chemists. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that internal standards of the same basic structure compensate for matrix effects in MS. Therefore, in the ID method, there is an absolute reference (i.e., the response factors of the analyte and the internal standard are considered to be identical Pickup and McPherson, 1976). 

The title compound 220, a potent broad spectrum antibiotic but showing bone marrow toxicity292, has been synthesized293 according to equation 137. The pure 220 was used as internal standard in an isotope dilution-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (ID-GC-MS) method of quantification of chloramphenicol in biological samples (edible tissues)293. 

Measurement of the evolved He is made by peak height comparison with standard gases on sector-type mass spectrometers such as the MAP 215-50 and VG-3600 (e.g.. Wolf et al. 1996a, Warnock et al. 1997), or by He isotope dilution (ID) on a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). We find that the precision and sensitivity of the ID-QMS technique are superior to those of the sector MS-peak height method. Reproducibility of gas standards suggests that for typical amounts of He evolved from a sample (e.g., of order 1 x 10 cc STP), the ID-QMS technique has a precision of -0.5% (la). The accuracy of this measurement depends on the accuracy of the standard used for calibration, which is probably better than 1% when capacitance manometry is used. 

Another successful project (coordinated by the University of Plymouth, Department of Environmental Sciences, United Kingdom) was aimed at developing a novel methodology for the determination of organotins employing isotope dilution high performance hquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-HPLC-ICP-MS) [100]. The parameters for isotope dilution analysis have been studied and optimized and isotopically enriched Sn has been prepared for this purpose. The method was successfully used for the certification of TBT in CRMs 462 and 477. 

In order to evaluate possible hazards for the enviroiunent and human health it is crucial to develop analytical strategies for fast and easy quantification of traces and ultra-traces of Pd in environmental matrices as well as biological tissues and fluids. Despite the efforts of numerous workgroups, a reliable method for the determination of Pd in all environmental matrices has yet to be developed. Up to date, the most important analytical methods for this task are electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and isotope dilution (ID)-ICP-MS, also strategies involving inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and electrochemical methods like anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) have been described. Furthermore, total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) have been successfully employed for the determination of PGE in enviromnental matrices. 

Alsenz H, Zereini F, Wiseman C, Piittmann W (2009) Determination of palladium in airborne particulate matter using isotope dilution-quadrupole-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ID-Q-ICP-MS) with helium as a collision gas after reductive co-precipitation with mercury. Anal Bioanal Chem 395 1919-1927 Alt F, Bambauer A, Hoppstock K, Mergler B, Tdlg G (1993) Platinum traces in airborne particulate matter. Determination of whole content, particle size distribution and soluble platinum. Fresenius J Anal Chem 346 693-696... 

Figure 4 Quantification of separated Cd species in fish MTs (real sample) by AE-FPLC-ID-ICP-MS. Cd was used as spike. Inset shows the transformation of intensity signals into mass flow chromatogram (by means of ID equation). The quantification of Cd bound to each metalloproteins (numbered from 1 to 5) could be achieved by this technique. (Rodn guez-Cea A, Fernandez de la Campa MR, Blanco Gonzalez E, Andon B, and Sanz-Medel (2003) Metal spedation analysis in eel Anguilla anguilla) metallothioneins by anionic exchange FPLC-isotope dilution-ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 18 1357-1364 reproduced from The Royal Society of Chemistry.)...

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