Hypothalamus Dorsomedial nucleus

Hypothalamus medial and lateral preoptic areas anterior, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei tuberomammillary nucleus medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nucleus, complex of mammillary bodies... 

FIGURE 14-2 The histaminergic system of the rat brain. (A) Frontal sections through the posterior hypothalamus showing the location of histaminergic neurons. Arc, arcuate nucleus DM, dorsomedial nucleus LM, lateral mammillary nucleus MM, medial mammillary nucleus MR, mammillary recess PM, premammillary nucleus 3V, third ventricle VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. (Modified with permission from reference [5].)... 

Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, may be caused by the lack of hypocretin mRNA and peptides in humans (Peyron et al., 2000) or a disruption of the hypocretin receptor 2 or its ligand in dogs and mice (Lin et al., 1999 Chemelli et al., 1999). Hypocretin-containing neurons are located exclusively in the dorsomedial, lateral, and perifornical hypothalamic areas (Peyron et al., 1998). Two hypocretin sequences, Hcrt-1 (orexin-A) and Hcrt-2 (orexin-B), are generated from a single preprohypocretin (De Lecea et al., 1998 Peyron et al, 1998 Sakurai et al, 1998). Axons from these neurons are found in the hypothalamus, locus coeruleus (LC), raphe nuclei, tuberomamillary nucleus, midline thalamus, all levels of spinal cord, sympathetic and parasympathetic centers, and many other brain regions... 

Reduced synthesis of neuri peptide Y in ner es in one region of the hypo thalaiTuis (the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus). Note that ncr cs extend from the arcuate nucleus to another region of the hypothalamus (paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus) (Wang cf ai., 1997). 

Preoptic region and hypothalamus Lateral preoptic area Medial preoptic area Medial preoptic nucleus Magnocellular preoptic nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Anterior hypothalamic area Lateral hypothalamic area Periventricular nucleus Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus Arcuate nucleus Dorsal hypothalamic area Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus Compact part Tuber cinereum Posterior hypothalamic area Premammillary nucleus Supramammillary nucleus Medial mammillary nucleus Lateral mammillary nucleus... 

In quantitative studies using a radiolabelled MSH tracer, MSH was shown to bind most intensely in the septal area, septohypothalamic nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial preoptic area. Moderate binding was seen in hypothalamic structures including the median eminence, the ventromedial, dorsomedial, arcuate and paraventricular nuclei, and the lateral hypothalamus. These structures are profusely innervated by immunoreactive ct-MSH- and ACTH-containing fibers (Eskay et al., 1979 O Donohue et al., 1979 Guy et al., 1980 Joseph, 1990). The median eminence is also well supplied with MSH receptors, supporting a role for this structure by which peripherally administered neuropeptides may penetrate to exert their central effects (Banks and Kastin, 1988). 

The importance of the central nervous system (CNS) for the regulation of energy intake was estabUshed long ago (Gao and Horvath, 2007). This regulation involves the hypothalamus, a region located at the basis of the brain. The hypothalamus consists of neurons organized in anatomically defined clusters such as the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the dorsomedial area (DMA), the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the ventromedial area (VMA) (Gao and Horvath, 2007 Schwartz et al., 2000). Targeted destruction of the VMA in rodents resulted in unchecked appetite and obesity whereas destruction of the LHA caused the opposite (Gao and Horvath, 2007). 

---