Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

The diffuse part of the TMN consists of a small group of neurons scattered within the lateral hypothalamic area, the posterior hypothalamic region, the perifornical area, the supramammillary nucleus, and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. 

LH), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ARC, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), anteroventral preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, suprachias-matic nucleus (SCN), anterolateral hypothalamic nucleus, and the tuberomam-millary nucleus (TMN) (Guan et al. 1997 Mitchell et al. 2001). In rats, hypothalamic ghrelin content displays diurnal rhythmicity and increases in response to sleep deprivation and feeding restriction (Bodosi et al. 2004). 

Fig. 4. (A-J) Distribution of kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in the adult rat brain (X-ray film autoradiographs, coronal sections). Arrowheads in E and F mark neocortical layer III cells expressing the GluR7 gene. AV, anteroventral thalamic nucleus BST, bed nucleus stria terminalis CC, corpus callosum white matter tract Cg. cingulate cortex Cpu, caudate putamen DG, denate granule cells DM, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus GP, globus pallidus MPA, medial preoptic area Pir, piriform cortex Rt, reticular thalamic nucleus SCh, suprachiasmatic nucleus. Scale bar, 3.2 mm (Wisden and Seeburg, 1993a).

Preoptic region and hypothalamus Lateral preoptic area Medial preoptic area Medial preoptic nucleus Magnocellular preoptic nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Anterior hypothalamic area Lateral hypothalamic area Periventricular nucleus Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus Arcuate nucleus Dorsal hypothalamic area Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus Compact part Tuber cinereum Posterior hypothalamic area Premammillary nucleus Supramammillary nucleus Medial mammillary nucleus Lateral mammillary nucleus... 

FIGURE 14-2 The histaminergic system of the rat brain. (A) Frontal sections through the posterior hypothalamus showing the location of histaminergic neurons. Arc, arcuate nucleus DM, dorsomedial nucleus LM, lateral mammillary nucleus MM, medial mammillary nucleus MR, mammillary recess PM, premammillary nucleus 3V, third ventricle VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. (Modified with permission from reference [5].)... 

VLH ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus 22-24, 82-83, 93 VLL ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus 50-53, 83-85, 90-98 VLPAG ventrolateral periaqueductal gray 50-54, 81 VLPO ventrolateral preoptic nucleus 19-21, 82 VLTg ventrolateral tegmental area 52-53, 82-83, 91-93 VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus 26-35, 81-83, 98-102 VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus 80-81, 90-92 VMHA ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, anterior part 28 VMHC ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, central part 29-34 VMHDM ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part 29-... 

Supraoptic nucleus Paraventricular nucleus Lateral hypothalamic area Suprachiasmatic nucleus Periventricular nucleus Arcuate nucleus Ventromedial nucleus Dorsomedial nucleus Posterior hypothalamic nucleus Premammillary nucleus Medial mammillary nucleus Lateral mammillary nucleus Supramammillary nucleus... 

Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, may be caused by the lack of hypocretin mRNA and peptides in humans (Peyron et al., 2000) or a disruption of the hypocretin receptor 2 or its ligand in dogs and mice (Lin et al., 1999 Chemelli et al., 1999). Hypocretin-containing neurons are located exclusively in the dorsomedial, lateral, and perifornical hypothalamic areas (Peyron et al., 1998). Two hypocretin sequences, Hcrt-1 (orexin-A) and Hcrt-2 (orexin-B), are generated from a single preprohypocretin (De Lecea et al., 1998 Peyron et al, 1998 Sakurai et al, 1998). Axons from these neurons are found in the hypothalamus, locus coeruleus (LC), raphe nuclei, tuberomamillary nucleus, midline thalamus, all levels of spinal cord, sympathetic and parasympathetic centers, and many other brain regions... 

Hypothalamus medial and lateral preoptic areas anterior, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei tuberomammillary nucleus medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nucleus, complex of mammillary bodies... 

Fig. 4. Schematic drawing of two different forebrain areas to show the presence of CBi receptors right side and leptin receptors (/efts/de).The structures are labelled as in Fig. 2. Note that there are sites such as the zona incerta, anterior hypothalamic area, ventromedial nucleus, and dorsomedial nucleus where both receptors are present. (Drawings concerning leptin were made using the data of Maruta et al. 1999)...

In quantitative studies using a radiolabelled MSH tracer, MSH was shown to bind most intensely in the septal area, septohypothalamic nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial preoptic area. Moderate binding was seen in hypothalamic structures including the median eminence, the ventromedial, dorsomedial, arcuate and paraventricular nuclei, and the lateral hypothalamus. These structures are profusely innervated by immunoreactive ct-MSH- and ACTH-containing fibers (Eskay et al., 1979 O Donohue et al., 1979 Guy et al., 1980 Joseph, 1990). The median eminence is also well supplied with MSH receptors, supporting a role for this structure by which peripherally administered neuropeptides may penetrate to exert their central effects (Banks and Kastin, 1988). 

The importance of the central nervous system (CNS) for the regulation of energy intake was estabUshed long ago (Gao and Horvath, 2007). This regulation involves the hypothalamus, a region located at the basis of the brain. The hypothalamus consists of neurons organized in anatomically defined clusters such as the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the dorsomedial area (DMA), the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the ventromedial area (VMA) (Gao and Horvath, 2007 Schwartz et al., 2000). Targeted destruction of the VMA in rodents resulted in unchecked appetite and obesity whereas destruction of the LHA caused the opposite (Gao and Horvath, 2007). 

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