Hypochlorites specifications

Consult hypochlorite specific gravity table provided by manufacturer (Appendix C, Table C-4). 

Table C-4 Sodium hypochlorite specific gravity table...

Oxidation of polysaccharides is a far more attractive route to polycarboxylates, potentially cleaner and less cosdy than esterification. Selectivity at the 2,3-secondary hydroxyls and the 6-primary is possible. Total biodegradation with acceptable property balance has not yet been achieved. For the most part, oxidations have been with hypochlorite—periodate under alkaline conditions. In the 1990s, catalytic oxidation has appeared as a possibiUty, and chemical oxidations have also been developed that are specific for the 6-hydroxyl oxidation. 

Fig. 6. Specific oxidation of the 6-hydroxyl of starch usiag bromide—hypochlorite and tetramethylpiperidine oxide (TEMPO).

Antimicrobial efficacy is also affected by demand in the cooling water system, specifically demand exerted by ammonia. Chlorine reacts with ammonia to form chloramines, which are not as efficacious as hypochlorous acid or the hypochlorite ion in microbiological control. Bromine reacts with ammonia to form bromamines. Unlike chloramines, bromamines are unstable and reform hypobromous acid. 

The kinetics of formation and hydrolysis of /-C H OCl have been investigated (262). The chemistry of alkyl hypochlorites, /-C H OCl in particular, has been extensively explored (247). /-Butyl hypochlorite reacts with a variety of olefins via a photoinduced radical chain process to give good yields of aUyflc chlorides (263). Steroid alcohols can be oxidized and chlorinated with /-C H OCl to give good yields of ketosteroids and chlorosteroids (264) (see Steroids). /-Butyl hypochlorite is a more satisfactory reagent than HOCl for /V-chlorination of amines (265). Sulfides are oxidized in excellent yields to sulfoxides without concomitant formation of sulfones (266). 2-Amino-1, 4-quinones are rapidly chlorinated at room temperature chlorination occurs specifically at the position adjacent to the amino group (267). Anhydropenicillin is converted almost quantitatively to its 6-methoxy derivative by /-C H OCl in methanol (268). Reaction of unsaturated hydroperoxides with /-C H OCl provides monocyclic and bicycHc chloroalkyl 1,2-dioxolanes. 

Van Tamelen (I24a) has reported a useful and specific synthetic method for the production of enamines by the oxidative decarboxylation of N,N-dialkyl a-amino acids with sodium hypochlorite. 

Chlor-jod, n. iodine chloride, specif, iodine monochloride, -kali, n. chloride of potash (potassium hypochlorite) potassium chloride. -kalilOsung, /. Pharm.) solution of chlorinated potassa, Javelle water, -kalium, n. potassium chloride. 

Sodium chlorite reacts very violently with organic compounds of divalent sulfur, or with free sulfur (which may ignite), even in presence of water. Contact of the chlorite with rubber vulcanised with sulfur or a divalent sulfur compound should therefore be avoided [1]. Application of factorial design techniques to experimental planning gave specific conditions for the safe oxidation of organic sulfides to sulfoxides using sodium chlorite or calcium hypochlorite [2],... 

Figure 6.20 Oxidation of (a) methionine and (b) cysteine side chains, as can occur upon exposure to air or more potent oxidizing agents (e.g. peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals or hypochlorite). Refer to text for specific details...

Table 26.1 shows the effects of the two main design variables. Specifically, the results of the batch simulations for the same system as described above are given for different in-loop reactor (catalyst) volumes, recirculation rates. As would be expected increasing the catalyst volume decreases the hypochlorite concentration at all points and times through the process. Increasing the recirculation rate also appears to have a... 

Work in the preceding 10 years had however been simplified by the development by P.P.Cohen of a new, specific micromethod for the estimation of glutamate, following a suggestion of Krebs. Glutamic acid specifically reacts with chloramine—T, an active form of hypochlorite, to give succinonitrile and carbon dioxide which could be measured manometrically. 

Oxidizers may not themselves be combustible, but they may provide reaction pathways to accelerate the oxidation of other combustible materials. Combustible solids and liquids should be segregated from oxidizers. Certain oxidizers undergo dangerous reactions with specific noncombustible materials. Some oxidizers, such as calcium hypochlorite, decompose upon heating or contamination and self-react with violent heat output. Oxidizers include nitrates, nitric acid, nitrites, inorganic peroxides, chlorates, chlorites, dichromates, hypochlorites, perchlorates, permanganates, persulfates and the halogens. 

Goals and five limitations in conjunction with the development of selective catalytic homogeneous oxidation systems are evaluated. Systems are presented that address several of the problems or goals. One involves oxidation of alkenes by hypochlorite catalyzed by oxidatively resistant d-electron-transition-metal-substituted (TMSP) complexes. A second involves oxidation of alkenes by H2O2 catalyzed by specific TMSP complexes, and a third addresses functionalization of redox active polyoxometalate complexes with organic groups. 

Epperly Sprague 1991 Martin et al. 1993 Gasiorowski et al. 2000). A different chemical approach is to oxidize ammonia by the addition of hypochlorite to the fly ash prior to use as a cement additive (Minkara 2003). Wet beneficiation of fly ash with flotation, although not a specific chemical treatment, will also remove ammonia due to the high solubility of the ammonia salt compounds present. 

This is a preservative-free formula shelf-life stability is achieved by maintaining pH of the suspension above 9.00 through the addition of magnesium hydroxide. Absence of preservatives makes it a more palatable formula but requires extra care in the manufacturing process. Rigidly control the microbial specification of all ingredients. Thoroughly clean all equipment and rinse with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution before use. Finally, rinse with purified water. 

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