Hypertrophied endothelial cells

Biopsy specimens from 17 mandibular fracture sites treated by open reduction with titanium in 12 patients showed doublelayered connective tissue, which consisted of dense fibrous connective tissue and relatively loose connective tissue containing proliferated blood vessels with hypertrophied endothelial cells [78 ]. The vascular endothelial cells expressed HLA-DR, CD54, and CD62P antigens in some cases they were CD62E-positive. CD68-positive, and CDllc-positive round or spindle-shaped macrophages had infiltrated around the small vessels and contained fine cytoplasmic titanium particles. In some cases CD4- - and CD8-y T lymphocytes had infiltrated around venules. 

The ACE gene encodes two isozymes (somatic ACE isozyme and germinal ACE isozyme). ACE is a membrane-bound enzyme on the surface of vascular endothelial cells that also circulates in plasma and shows great individual variability determined by an I/D polymorphism in intron 16 of the ACE gene (ACE-I/D polymorphism). More than 160 ACE polymorphisms have been reported, 34 of which are located in coding regions, and 18 are missense mutations (606). ACE-related polymorphic variants have been associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic renal failure in IgA nephropathy, Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis, mechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle, intracranial aneurysms, susceptibility to myocardial infarction, diabetic nephropathy, AD, and longevity (12,606,607). 

Hofman P, van Blijswijk BC, Gaillard PJ, et al. Endothelial cell hypertrophy induced by vascular endothelial growth factor in the retina new insights into the pathogenesis of capillary nonperfusion. Arch Ophthalmol 2001 119 861-866. 

In vivo, increased intraluminal pressure can induce stretching in SMC, whereas shear stress affects endothelial cells which eventually can influence the activation of adjacent vascular SMC. Though blood pressure and SMC growth patterns are not always correlated, SMC of large vessels undergo hypertrophy with or without hyperploidy [308]. Depending on... 

Caveolin (Cav), structural protein necessary and sufficient for the formation of caveolae. Cav-1 and Cav-3 are co-expressed in most cell types, including endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts, whereas Cav-3 are expressed by cardiomyocytes. However, smooth muscle cells express all three caveolins. It has been reported that administration of a cell-permeable Cav-1 prevents the development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy [T. Okamoto et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 5419 J.-F. Jasmin et al.. Circulation 2006, 224, 912]. 

Monocrotaline pyrrole Vasoconstrictor acts on endothelin receptors and DNA in endothelial cells Small- and medium-sized intraacinar pulmonary arteries Fibrinoid change and smooth muscle cells hypertrophy Miyauchi et al. (1993)... 

Prevention of vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy Decreased expression of COX-2 in human lymphocytes Inhibition of ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells Inhibition of VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells Inhibition of scavenger receptor mRNA expression in macrophages Av... 

Sexual function In penile smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts intra-cavemosal injection of papaverine causes dose-dependent cytotoxicity and muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis [151. However, these effects tend to be limited to minor structural changes at the injection site and no significant effects on penile architecture. The incidence of fibrotic changes was low. 

Examination of the developing capillaiy system in high Pb-exposed animals revealed aberrations in the developing capillaiy buds, which were either dilated or lacked apical processes. Electron microscopic examination has revealed capillaiy damage, with vessel walls containing numerous varicosities, the fusion of membranes periodically interrupted, hypertrophied capillaries and endothelial cells, and a few necrotic endothelieil cefis. Lead appears to be concentrated, at least initially, in bredn capillaries in animals exposed to Pb developmentaUy and is localized in the cytoplasm of the capillaiy endothelium cells eifter an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of ra oactive Pb. ... 

There is increasing evidence that endothelins participate in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. Endothelins have also been implicated in pulmonary diseases, including asthma and pulmonary hypertension, as well as in several renal diseases. This evidence includes findings of increased endothelin levels in the blood, increased expression of endothelin mRNA in endothelial or vascular smooth muscle cells, and the responses to administration of endothelin antagonists. 

Other mechanistic approaches to cell therapy can also be envisioned, For example, a characteristic of compensated cardiac hypertrophy is the reduction of mechanical stress—a clear call for cells that are able to stabilize scar. Mesenchymal BM cells, fibroblasts, and skeletal myoblasts (all mesoderm-derived progenitors) improve diastolic function and reduce wall stress (30). The BN-MNC, peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells... 

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