Hypertensive disease

A cohort mortality study was conducted to compare the mortality rates due to chronic renal disease in 4,519 battery plant workers and 2,300 lead production or smelter workers from 1947 to 1980 (Cooper 1988 Cooper et al. 1985). The mortality data for these workers were compared with national mortality rates for white males. Environmental lead levels and PbB levels were available for only about 30% of all workers for varying time periods from 1947 to 1972. Statistically significant increases in mortality from "other hypertensive disease" and "chronic nephritis" were seen in both lead cohorts. Limitations of this study include the fact that various confounding factors, such as smoking, were not accounted for, and the workers were probably exposed to other toxic chemicals. 

An important practical goal in NOS research is the development of isoform-specific inhibitors (127). Diminished levels of NO contribute to chronic hypertensive diseases. In contrast, NO overproduction contributes to pathological conditions related to primary neurodegener-ative, inflammatory, and vascular disorders (5). In septic shock NOS... 

Nephropathy has been associated with chronic lead poisoning. " A study of two large cohorts of heavily exposed lead workers followed through 1980 demonstrated a nearly threefold excess of deaths attributed to chronic nephritis or other hypertensive disease, primarily kidney disease. Most of the excess deaths occurred before 1970, among men who began work before 1946, suggesting that current lower levels of exposure may reduce the risk. Experimental animal studies suggest there may be a threshold for lead nephrotoxicity, and in workers, nephropathy occurred only in those with blood levels over 62p,g/dl for up to 12 years."... 

The therapeutic efficacy of ATi-receptor blockers in hypertensive disease is well documented. The ATi-blockers are assumed to be as effective as various classes of well-known antihypertensives, such as jS-blockers, diuretics, ACE-inhibitors and calcium antagonists. A major advantage of the ATi-blockers may be their favourable pattern of side-effects, which so far does not appear to differ from the use of placebo. In particular the fact that ATi-blockers do not cause cough (in contrast to the ACE-inhibitors) appears to be an advantage. 

Epidemiological data concerning the protective effect of ATi-blocker treatment on the sequelae of hypertensive disease (coronary heart disease, stroke, renal disease) are so far not available, but appropriate trials addressing this question are on the way. 

Goldring, W., and Chassis, H., Hypertension and Hypertensive Disease, New York, Com-monwealth Fund, 1944. 

The antihypertensive properties of ANF could really represent a new therapeutic starting point in combatting hypertensive disease in man. 

The kidneys comprise only 0.5% of body weight, yet they receive 25% of the cardiac output. Drugs that affect renal function have important roles in cardiac failure and hypertension. Disease of the kidney must be taken into account when prescribing drugs that are eliminated by it. 

An increase in the number of deaths of all body packers in New York has been associated with an increase in deaths among opiate body packers of 50 deaths among body packers from 1990 to 2001, 42 were due to opiates (260). Four were related to cocaine and four to both opiates and cocaine. In 37 cases open or leaking drug packets in the gastrointestinal tract resulted in acute intoxication and death. Five cases involved intestinal obstruction or perforation, one a gunshot wound, one an intracerebral hemorrhage due to hypertensive disease,... 

After 5 years of diabetes, the risk of nephropathy rises rapidly. However, only a subset of patients are susceptible and only a small proportion develop total renal failure, predominantly those with a familial clustering and parents with hypertensive disease. 

Hypertension is classified as either essential (primary) or secondary. Essential hypertension comprises approximately 90% of all cases. Its causes are still unknown. The disease is incurable but treatable (i.e., it is controllable, with drugs). The remaining 10% constitute a number of hypertensive diseases with causes that are known. Some can be cured. The following outline is a classification of hypertension. 

Figure 109.2 The relationship between hypertensive disease and target organs morbidities that contribute to an increased cardiovascular risk. Note the key role of the endothelial dysfunction...

These disorders include hypertensive disease, ischemic heart disease, other forms of heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease. As with cancer, the specific contribution of occupational factors to the causation of CVD has been debated, but there is agreement that some workplace factors contribute to or cause CVD (see Smith and Sainfort 1990 for a detailed discussion of psychosocial factors and their contribution). Four main occupational sources of CVD causation are agents that affect cardiopulmonary capacity, chemicals, noise, and psychosocial stress. 

The physiologic consequences of the altered EFA metabolism may not acmally induce a hypertensive disease but may increase that possibility. Appropriate addition of EFA(s), or their immediate precursor(s), to the diet could have favorable effects on health. Management of these supplements would be difficult, however, because each fatty acid plays a specific role. Thus, specific concentrations of these fatty acids are required to allow the physiologic developments to take place in an optimal way because PUFA having specific roles are close enough in terms of structure to compete with each other. The ability of the n-3 EFA to compete with the n-6 EFA is considerably greater than the reverse. This implies that the proportion of an added fatty acid to the diet must be perfectly determined to have a beneficial effect. All of these fatty nutrients have to be considered as pharmaceutical molecules, and specific concentrations are likely required to allow optimum metabolic effects (112). 

Diochine (LXXVIIe), dicoline (LXXVIIIa) and dimecoline (LXXVIIIc) have been tried in hospitals and proved to be effective drugs for the treatment of hypertensive disease, peptic ulcers and other diseases where the use of ganglionblocking agents is indicated. Diochine has not found wide use in medical practice since dicoline [194, 195] and especially dimecoline [195-199] have the same efficacy and are more readily available. 

CiPLEA, A., Bubuianu, G. and Galasanu, E., Study on cerebrospinal fluid catecholamines in hypertensive disease, Internat. J, Neuropharmacol. 3, 583 (1964). 

The great interest devoted to the action of angiotensin is mainly due to the rdle that this peptide could play in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disease. The sites of action of angiotensin are numerous since the peptide mimics the motor actions of either adrenaline or acetylcholine. Such actions are due either to a direct stimulation of the effector cell or to an indirect one by increased activity of the neurovegetative system. Furthermore, angiotensin elicits metabolic and renal effects and stimulates the adrenal medulla. 

Table 10.1 Trace element contents in hair of patients of hypertension disease...

Chen, R. L., Lu, W. C. and Chen, N. Y. (2003). Support vector machine applied to relationship of trace element contents and hypertension disease. Computer and applied chemistry, 20, pp. 567-570. 

Biochemical profiling and the natural history of hypertensive diseases Low-renin essential hypertension, a benign condition. Circulation 971, 1971. 

Hypertension Disease characterized by abnormal blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic). The clinical diagnosis is made when the average systolic and diastolic readings are above 140 and 90, respectively. Hypertension is one of the major health problems in the industrialized world and is closely related to cardiovascular and renal diseases. 

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