Hyperimmunization

Passive immunity can be provided by equine botulinum antitoxin or by specific human hyperimmune globulin, while endogenous immunity can be induced by immunization with botulinum toxoid... 

Antibody concentrations and affinities vary considerably. The optimal dilution for a given primary antibody must be determined empirically (although most companies will give an indicative range of dilutions). In general, early bleed serum or tissue culture supernatant are used at 1 100-1 1,000 dilution, and ascites fluid or serum from hyperimmunized animals at 1 1,000-1 100,000 dilution. Secondary antibodies are used at dilutions ranging from 1 2,000 to 1 10,000... 

Antibody Preparation and Characterization. Our best [STX0L]n-BSA immunogen (n=9) was used to hyperimmunize a total of 6 rabbits. The formation of anti-STXOL antibodies was monitored by determining the quantity of specific binding protein (presumably IgG) in the serum samples. Table I shows that 5 of the 6 rabbits produced anti-STXOL antibodies within 100 days after initial immunization. 

Where the snake has been identified and specific antivenom is available, then this should be used. However, since treatment is urgent, and identification of snakes is difficult, in many Asian countries polyvalent antivenom is used. The Indian anti-snake venom (ASV), manufactured by Serum Institute India, Pune, and Haffkine Bio Pharmaceutical Corporation, Mumbai, consists of hyperimmune horse serum against four common snakes - cobra, common krait, Russell s viper and saw-scale viper. 

E. TPE is caused by microfilariae in the lungs and hyperimmune responsiveness to bancroftian or malayan filariasis. Paroxysmal respiratory symptoms may fluctuate in severity. Eosinophilia, almost always present, is usually very high, and the absence of microfilariae in the blood does not rule out TPE. A presumptive clinical diagnosis can be made by response to therapy without a lung biopsy. Diethylcarbamazine for 14 days is an effective therapy that can be repeated if symptoms persist. The role of ivermectin in TPE has not been established. 

Antithymocyte globulin (Atgam) is purified immune globulin obtained from hyperimmune serum of horses... 

Immune globulin is isolated from pooled human plasma either from donors in the general population or from hyperimmunized donors. It is used principally in the... 

Respiratory syncytial virus (Palivizumab), (hyperimmune globulin Respigam)... 

ITABLE 10.3. Select hyperimmune globulin or antiserum and therapeutic use... 

The usual dose of Rho(D) immune globulin is 2 mL intramuscularly, containing approximately 300 meg anti-Rh0(D) IgG. Adverse reactions are infrequent and consist of local discomfort at the injection site or, rarely, a slight temperature elevation. Hyperimmune Immunoglobulins... 

Class Immunosuppressant gamma globulin, primarily monomeric IgG, from hyperimmune serum of horses immunized with human thymic lymphocytes... 

Brunser, O., Espinoza, J., Figueroa, G., Araya, M., Spencer, E., Hilpert, H., Link-Amster, H., and Bmssow, H. 1992. Field trial of an infant formula containing anti-rotavirus and anti-Escherichia coli milk antibodies from hyperimmunized cows. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 15, 63-72. 

Casswall, T.H., Sarker, S.A., Albert, M.J., Fuchs, G.J., Bergstrom, M., Bjorck, L., and Hammarstrom, L. 1998. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in infants in rural Bangladesh with oral immunoglobulins from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 12,563-568. 

Mitra, A.K., Mahalanabis, D., Unicomb, L., Eeckels, R., and Tzipori, S. 1995. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhoea due to rotavirus a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84, 996-1001. 

Okhuysen, P.C., Chappell, C.L., Crabb, J., Valdez, L.M., Douglass, E.T., and DuPont, H.L. 1998. Prophylactic effect of bovine anti-Cryptosporidium hyperimmune colostrum immunoglobulin in healthy volunteers challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26,1324-1329. 

Tzipori, S., Robertson, D., Cooper, D.A., and White, L. 1987. Chronic cryptosporidial diarrhoea and hyperimmune cow colostrum. Lancet 2, 344-345. 

---