Hydrophobic groups alkylphenols

Examples of common hydrophobes include alkylphenol, fatty alcohol, paraffin, olefins, and alkylbenzene. Examples of common hydrophiles include ethylene oxide (EO), sulfates, sulfonates, phosphates, and carboxylic acid groups. Depending on the charged nature of the head group, surfactants are classified as ... 

A third method to subdivide surface-active initiators is based on the chemical nature of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. The hydrophilic group may be anionic or cationic, or an oxyethylene chain of an appropriate chain length. Hydrocarbon chains (alkyl, alkylphenol) or propylene oxide chains are used as hydropobic molecule components. Oxyethylene chains are also used as hydrophobic groups if they are in the neighborhood of ionic groups. 

Nonionic, in which there are no electrical charges the hydrophobic group consists of alkylphenols, fatty alcohols, or fatty acids and is balanced by nonionized hydrophilic groups (e.g., polymerized ethylene oxide). 

In this study we examined the influence of concentration conditions, acidity of solutions, and electrolytes inclusions on the liophilic properties of the surfactant-rich phases of polyethoxylated alkylphenols OP-7 and OP-10 at the cloud point temperature. The liophilic properties of micellar phases formed under different conditions were determined by the estimation of effective hydration values and solvatation free energy of methylene and carboxyl groups at cloud-point extraction of aliphatic acids. It was demonstrated that micellar phases formed from the low concentrated aqueous solutions of the surfactant have more hydrophobic properties than the phases resulting from highly concentrated solutions. The influence of media acidity on the liophilic properties of the surfactant phases was also exposed. 

Surfactants. Ethylene oxide-containing surfactants are generally of nonionic or anionic classes. The nonionic materials are made by base-catalyzed addition of ethylene oxide to either fatty alcohols or alkylphenols. Sulfation can be used to convert these compounds to the sulfated anionic surfactants. The products contain from a few to many ethylene oxide molecules per alcohol. The chain of polyethylene oxide) in a nonionic product acts as the hydrophile, and the alkyl or alkaryl residue is the hydrophobe. A sulfate salt group adds to the hydrophilicity of an anionic surfactant. 

Besides, in the hydrophobic part, a surfactant may have homologous chains and positional isomers for example, cocoamidopropyl betaine may contain alkyl chains with a carbon pair number from 8 to 18, the majority being those with a carbon number of 12 and 14. Aromatic groups are usually bonded in alkyl chain, like in alkylphenols (nonionic) or alkyl-benzenesulfonates (anionic). Also, the hydrophilic part may contain oligomers of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. In this article, cationic polymers have been included as a subclass of cationic surfactant based on the classification made by Richmond (1990), although many authors consider this polymer to be another ingredient of cosmetic products. Another subclass, quaternary ammonium compounds (four alkyl chains around a nitrogen atom) will be frequently mentioned components. 

Non-ionic, with no charge on the hydrophilic group, often polyoxyethyleneated long chain alcohols or alkylphenols, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance being controlled by the number of moles of ethylene oxide. 

The alkyl phenol hydrophobes are produced by addition of phenol to the double bond of an olefin. The alkyl group may be linked to the ring either ortho, meta, or para to the hydroxyl group, and the position can have a significant impact on the characteristics of the resulting surfactant. The earUer commercial products were derived from branched olefins such as octylphenols from diisobutylene and nonylphenols from tripropylene. More recently, linear alkylphenols have become available with the development of linear olefins for LAS. 

In such applications, solubility of the surfactant in the nonaqueous solvent is obviously the primary requirement. A wide variety of structures have been found useful in such applications, including nonionic materials such as POE alkylphenols, amides, and phosphate esters, sodium dialkyIsulfosuccinates, alkyl-aryl sulfonates, and petroleum sulfonates. Although extensive experimental data are not available, it appears that the polar head group of the surfactant in such uses is of primary importance, given a hydrophobic tail sufficient to ensure the proper overall solubility. 

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