Hydrophilic viruses

The virus titer diminished from 10 to 10 (PFU/ml) during the first four hours without further reduction. The titer of T2, a more hydrophilic virus, decreased only one order of magnitude and the recovery of p-lactamase activity was 70%. Computer simulation results demonstrating the effects of various process variables are also presented. 

Formaldehyde for use as a disinfectant is usually marketed as formalin, a solution of about 37 percent concentration, or as paraformaldehyde, a solid polymerized compound. The substance can be utilized for decontamination of large areas (427) or surfaces (451). Formaldehyde in a concentration of 5 percent active ingredient is an effective liquid disinfectant. Formaldehyde at 0.2 to 4.7 percent is often used to inactivate viruses in the preparation of vaccines. Formaldehyde seems to be more effective as a disinfectant against hydrophilic viruses than against lipophilic viruses. Forty percent aqueous formalin (16 percent formaldehyde) is effective in inactivating hepatitis B virus, using a contact time of 12 hours. A 20 percent formalin solution in 70 percent... 

Glutaraldehyde has a mode of action similar to formaldehyde but is less volatile and less toxic to people. It is a relatively powerfixl sporicidal agent and a virucidal agent effective against both lipophilic and hydrophilic viruses. It is frequently used in applications where the object to be disinfected will be used clinically, such as for sterilization of endoscopic equipment or for preparation of heart valves for surgical implants. Its effectiveness... 

Indeed, the polymeric interface seems to be highly diffuse and hydrophilic because copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N- (2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide are readily soluble in water [53]. Besides, aminopropyl-glass adsorbs the acryloyl chloride copolymer so that only 10% of its active functions become amidated. The rest is located on the loops and tails of the attached macromolecules [51]. Thus the steric repulsion of the bonded phase is a probable reason for the high inertness of the packing towards viruses. 

If the virus is treated with proteolytic enzymes the fuzzy layer formed by the viral spikes is removed (Osterrieth, 1965 Compans, 1971 Gahm-berg et al, 1972 Sefton and Gaffney, 1974 Utermann and Simons, 1974). Remnants of both El and E2 are left in the bilayer. These have a hydrophobic amino acid composition, and are soluble in lipid solvents such as chloroform-methanol. The amphiphilic nature of the spike protein is also evident from its capacity to bind Triton X-100 (0.6 g/g protein) which binds to the hydrophobic part to form a water-soluble protein-detergent complex (Simons et al., 1973a). The ability of amphiphilic proteins to bind Triton can be used to separate them from hydrophilic proteins using an extraction procedure recendy described... 

Initial screening of lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts against influenza A/WY/03/2003 (H3N2) was selected from a library of diverse marine invertebrates, algae, and microorganisms. The primary influenza screen used in this study begins with a microscopic evaluation of the cytopathic effect of extracts on virus-infected mammalian cells and is quantified by an MTT stain. From 800 screened extracts, only one, well A4 in Fig. 1.1, which is the crude extract from G. 

As opposed to vapor, it is necessary to differentiate between hydrophilic and hydrophobic solids. This also applies to bacteria and viruses since they are transported primarily in solutions. ... 

Since DNA is a highly charged polyanion, it is always hydrated by water molecules [in the dry state (under moist air) it contains 12 water molecules per nucleotide subunit]. In a cellular environment, proteins (histones in eukaryotic cells) are always attached to DNA or are at least surrounded by proteins as in viruses. In order to attack DNA, radicals have to be sufficiently mobile in such a partially hydrophilic environment. For this reason, typical lipid radicals confined to the membranes will not be discussed here, although one must keep in mind that small fragments of free-radical nature maybe able to escape the lipid environment and can, in principle, also react with DNA. 

Aranha-Creado, H. 1998. Clearance of murine leukaemia virus from monoclonal antibody solutions by a hydrophilic PVDF microporous membrane filter. Biologicals 26 167-172. 

Acyclovir is a potent inhibitory of viruses of the herpes group, particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV I and II) and herpes zoster varicella virus. Unfortunately, acyclovir has a short half-life (2-3 h), and the oral dosage form must be taken five times daily, which is very inconvenient for patients [75,76], Consequently, the aim of this study was to develop a controlled-release formulation of acyclovir that could be taken twice daily. The materials used to prepare the tablets were acyclovir (Kern Pharma, Tarrasa, Barcelona) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel K4M) (Colorcon) a hydrophilic cellulose derivative as the matrix-forming material. 

Colloids are either hydrophilic (water-loving) or hydrophobic (water-hating). Hydrophilic colloids (e.g., proteins, humic substances, bacteria, viruses, as well as iron and aluminum hydrated colloids) tend to hydrate and thereby swell. This increases the viscosity of the system and favors the stability of the colloid by reducing the interparticle interactions and its tendency to settle. These colloids are stabilized more by their affinity for the solvent than by the equalizing of surface charges. Hydrophilic colloids tend to surround the hydrophobic colloids in what is known as the protective-colloid effect, which makes them both more stable. 

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