Hydrolysis of triglycerides

Endothelial-anchored enzyme in liver primarily responsible for hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids in Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL) and High Density Lipoproteins (HDL). 

Lipoprotein formed by hydrolysis of triglycerides in VLDL elevated in type III hyperlipoproteinemia. 

The hypotriglyceridemic action of fibrates involves combined effects on LPL and apolipoproteinCIII (apoCIII). LPL is up-regulated [11], whereas apoCIII, an inhibitor of LPL, is down-regulated [12], leading to enhanced hydrolysis of triglyceride-... 

The concept of zeolite action was tested in a particular reaction where the enzyme is exposed from the beginning to an acidic environment the esterification of geraniol with acetic acid catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on zeolite NaA [219]. Lipases have been used for the hydrolysis of triglycerides and due to their ambivalent hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties they are effective biocatalysts for the hydrolysis of hydrophobic substrates [220]. When water-soluble lipases are used in organic media they have to be immobilized on solid supports in order to exhibit significant catalytic activity. 

In the case of paint samples where lipids are often admixed with proteinaceous binders, in some cases acidic hydrolysis is proposed to simultaneously hydrolyse proteins and triglycerides in the same step [35,36], although in acidic conditions the hydrolysis of triglycerides is not quantitative. 

E. Rogalska, C. Cudrey, F. Ferrato, R. Verger, Stereoselective Hydrolysis of Triglycerides by Animal and Microbial Lipases , Chirality 1993, 5, 24-30. 

E. Rogalska, S. Ransac, R. Verger, Stereoselectivity of Lipases. II. Stereoselective Hydrolysis of Triglycerides by Gastric and Pancreatic Lipases , J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 20271-20276. 

Weldon et al.5 used Raman in the surface-enhanced mode (SERS) to monitor bacterial (P. acnes) hydrolysis of triglycerides in lipid mixtures that model sebaceous gland secretions. While technically not a process monitor, it paves the way for methods to monitor specific moieties in very complicated matrices. 

Fig. 13.11 Schematic representation of the hollow fiber membrane biorector for the enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides. A hydrophilic membrane has been used, coated with lipase on the lipid side [85].

Similarly to the hydrolysis of sucrose, acid exchanged resins can be utilized, in one case to give 75% hydrolysis of triglycerides after six hours at 155 °C. It was shown that the Brondsted acid sites catalyze the hydrolysis reaction, which was performed in the liquid phase with continuous steam injection.The same authors reported that polystyrene sulfonic cation-exchange resin, loaded with 13% of the superacid H3M0, gave 74.5% hydrolysis of palm oil at 155 °C in a batch reactor also operated with steam injection. 

Operational stability of Rhizopus arrhizus mycelium on continuous hydrolysis of triglycerides... 

G, Bell, R. Todd, J.A. Blain, J.D.E. Patterson and C.E.L. Shaw, Hydrolysis of triglycerides by solid phase lipolytic enzymes of Rhizopus arrhizus in continuous reactor systems. Biotech. Bioeng.,23,1981,1703-1719. 

Therefore, the purpose of the present work was to study an alternative method for biodiesel fuel production that has a lower reaction condition than the one-step supercritical methanol method, through the two-step preparation consisting of hydrolysis of triglycerides in subcritical water and subsequent methyl esterification of the fatty acids by supercritical methanol treatment. In this article, we present various parameters affecting the yield of fatty acids in hydrolysis from triglycerides followed by methyl esterification of the fatty acids. We also compare the one- and two-step preparation methods and propose a production scheme of the latter. 

Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of certain fatty acids obtained from the hydrolysis of triglycerides. 

LCAT), which catalyzes the synthesis of cholesterol esters (F14, S46, S59) apoA-II, which activates hepatic triglyceride lipase (J2) and apoC-II, which activates lipoprotein lipase, responsible for the hydrolysis of triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL (H20, L5). Their mode of action is considered in Section 4 when the individual apolipoproteins are discussed. 

Apolipoprotein C-II can also be isolated from VLDL or HDL (H20, L5, N3). It contains 78 residues (J3) and has been shown by Chou-Fasman analysis to bind phospholipids (M26, M40), with three predicted helical sequences (M26). ApoC-II has attracted a great deal of attention because it activates one of the most important enzymes in plasma lipid metabolism, lipoprotein lipase, responsible for the hydrolysis of triglyceride in chylomicrons and VLDL. Sparrow and Gotto have summarized a number of studies on structure-function relationships (S52). These, taken together, indicate that there are separate functional domains in apoC-II, in that lipoprotein lipase activation is mediated by residues 55-78 and phospholipid binding by... 

Chylomicrons are triglyceride rich and contain apolipoprotein B-48 and the A types. The latter are synthesized in the intestinal tract cells. Additional apoproteins are transferred to the chylomicrons from HDL in circulation the apoE and apoC types. Their site of synthesis is the liver. The chylomicrons are subject to degradation by lipoprotein lipase in the peripheral tissue, especially adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase activity is increased by increased blood insulin levels. This enzyme is extracellular, attached to the capillary endothelial cells, and activated by ApoC-II, which is present in the chylomicrons. Lipoprotein lipase causes the hydrolysis of triglycerides, thus decreasing chylomicron size... 

Phospholipids also have a role in the LPL-catalyzed hydrolysis of triglycerides. The activator apo-LPs exhibit enhanced activation in the presence of phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline (La Rosa et al., 1970 Blaton et al., 1974) and in milk there is evidence that apo-LPs in the absence of phospholipids are unable to initiate lipolysis of intact milk fat globules by the indigenous LPL (Driessen and Stadhouders, 1974 Clegg, 1980). The phospholipids are believed to be involved in the reaction through their interaction with the substrate rather than with the enzyme (Blaton et al., 1974). 

Rogalska, E., Cudrey, C., Ferrato, F., and Verger, R. 1993. Stereoselective hydrolysis of triglycerides by animal and microbial lipases. Chirality, 5, 24-30. 

Splitting, or the hydrolysis of triglycerides is usually performed with high-pressure steam, resulting in the formation of split crude fatty acids and glycerin. The production of fatty acids by more sophisticated splitting processes, such as hydrolysis of fatty methyl esters, ozono lysis of unsaturated fatty acids, and chemical oxidation is practiced in special situations. 

Enzymatic Processes. The enzyme hydrolysis of triglycerides is catalyzed by lipases ... 

Lipase Hydrolysis of triglycerides of simple fatty acids, yielding mono- and diglycerides, glycerol, and free fatty acids. 

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