Hydrogen end uses

Development, test and demonstration of hydrogen end uses such as traction applications, dispersed power generation and total energy systems-market projections and development. 

While developing hydrogen end-use technologies such as fuel cells, it is important to simultaneously develop near-zero emission hydrogen production technologies so that they could be widely employed in a few decades. Electrolysis from off-peak hydropower and geothermal power could be... 

The chapter is structured as follows Section 2 discusses the deployment of hydrogen end-use applications. Section 3 presents major assumptions and the methodology. Section 4 shows the results of the analysis. Section 5 summarizes the conclusions derived from the infrastructure analysis. 

Semiconductors. Phosphine is commonly used in the electronics industry as an -type dopant for siUcon semiconductors (6), and to a lesser extent for the preparation of gaUium—indium—phosphide devices (7). For these end uses, high purity, electronic-grade phosphine is required normally >99.999% pure. The main impurities that occur in phosphine manufactured by the acid process are nitrogen [7727-37-9] hydrogen [1333-74-0] arsine [7784-42-17, carbon dioxide [124-38-9], oxygen [7782-44-7], methane [74-82-8], carbon monoxide [630-08-0], and water [7732-42-1]. Phosphine is purified by distillation under pressure to reduce the level of these compounds to <1 ppm by volume. The final product is sold as CYPURE (Cytec Canada Inc.) phosphine. 

Solution of Gases in Liquids Certain gases will dissolve readily in hquids. In some cases in which the quantities are not large, this may be a practical storage procedure. Examples of gases that can be handled in this way are ammonia in water, acetylene in acetone, and hydrogen chloride in water. Whether or not this method is used depends mainly on whether the end use requires the anhydrous or the liquid state. Pressure may be either atmospheric or elevated. The... 

Synthesis gas generally refers to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide varies according to the type of feed, the method of production, and the end use of the gas. 

Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. Polyalphaolefms are made by oligomerizing alphaolefins such as 1-decene in the presence of a catalyst (Newton 1989 Shubkin 1993 Wills 1980). The crude reaction mixture is quenched with water, hydrogenated, and distilled. The number of monomer units present in the product polyalphaolefin oil depends on a number of reaction parameters including the type of catalyst, reaction temperature, reaction time, and pressure (Shubkin 1993). The exact combination of reaction parameters used by a manufacturer is tailored to fit the end-use of the resulting polyalphaolefin oil. A typical polyalphaolefin oil prepared from 1-decene and BF3- -C4H9OH catalyst at 30 °C contains predominantly trimer (C30 hydrocarbons) with much smaller amounts of dimer, tetramer, pentamer, and hexamer. While 1-decene is the most common starting material, other alphaolefins can be used, depending on the needs of the product oil. 

United States and World Hydrogen Consumptions by End-Use Category... 

Chlorine (Cl), 6 130-211 9 280. See also Inorganic chlorine XeCl laser addition to fullerene, 12 240-241 analytical methods, 6 202 bleaching agent, 4 50 capacities of facilities, 6 193-198t catalyst poison, 5 257t chemical properties, 6 133-138 diffusion coefficient for dilute gas in water at 20° C, l 67t diffusion coefficient in air at 0° C, l 70t for disinfection, 8 605 economic aspects, 6 188-202 electrolytic preparation/production of, 12 759 16 40 end uses, 6 134-135 in fused quartz manufacture, 22 413 generating from hydrogen chloride, 13 833... 

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