Hydrogen application

40% was utilized in ammonia production, 43% in refinery processes (e.g. hydrocracking to improve the quality of crude oil products, hydrotreating e.g. hydrodesulfurization and 10% in methanol production. 

In Western Europe of the ca. 51 10 hydrogen produced in 1996, 47% was utilized in ammonia production, 31% in the refining of crude oil, 8% in methanol production and 14% for other applications. 

Similar pipeline networks have been set up in other European countries e.g. in The Netherlands, Belgium and France. 

Further developments in the storage and transport of hydrogen concern hydrogen in the form of hydrides of titanium/iron hydride TiFeH, 95 or magnesium/nickel hydride MgNiH4 2. 

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Critical aspects in the use of noble metals for hydrogen applications... 

Conclusively, hydrogen has been used and stored safely in the industry for quite a long time as compressed gas or liquefied hydrogen, and it seems that metal hydride storage will be equally safe or even safer. Consideration of future hydrogen applications reveals no safety problems in the industrial and commercial markets. Although hydrogen safety... 

The presence of tars in the product gas is highly undesirable in synthesis gas for hydrogen applications. Tar formation represents a reduction in gasification efficiency since less of the biomass is converted to a fuel or synthesis gas. More importantly, tars would degrade the performance of those systems. Tars can deactivate reforming catalysts, and fuel cell toleration of tars is low. 

All brazed joint designs shall be suitable for the intended critical service of hydrogen applications. There are two basic types lap and butt. 

By 1991, the general feasibility could be proven with a 15% cost accuracy. The development, realisation, testing and demonstration of key hydrogen application and infrastructure technologies, such as buses, aircraft, transport containers and... 

Table 18.2. Scenarios for the potential development of stationary hydrogen applications residential sector (for more information, see HyWays, 2006c) in the...

A. Bain, J. Barclay, T.K. Bose, F.J. Eduskuty, M.J. Fairlie, J.G. Hansel, D.R. Hay, and M. R. Swain. Sourcebook for Hydrogen Applications. Hydrogen Research Institute and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, (1998). 

Even if hydrogen applications are numerous but we may regroup them for the case of Algeria into three potential categories according to the country particularities and the population needs. 

The control and optimization of high-pressure and low-temperature processes require the same control strategies as any other industrial process. The difference is only in the selection of the construction materials, which are used in the sensors and control valves. In fact, process control tends to be less sophisticated in hydrogen applications. 

System analysis for the assessment of the HYSOLAR program and of a utilisation program for the evaluation of safety, reliability and environmental aspects of the selected hydrogen application technologies, as well as of an educational and training program. 

Nishimura, S. Takagi, Y. Catalytic Hydrogenation. Application to Organic Synthesis Tokyo Kagaku Dozin Tokyo, 1987 (in Japanese). 

Hydrogen has a tendency to adsorb and dissociate at material surfaces, the atomic hydrogen then diffuses into the material and causes embrittlement and diffusion. Materials suitable for hydrogen applications are mainly austenitic stainless steel and aluminum alloys [12, 29]. 

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