Hydrocortisone structure

Common Name Ester of Bendazac with hydrocortisone Structural Formula ... 

Chemical Name 11/3,17,21-Trihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione Common Name Metacortandralone -hydrocortisone Structural Formula ... 

Fig. 12.1 Corticosteroids from the four structural groups taneperhydrophenanthrene nucleus of 17 carbons shown A, B, C, and D classified on the basis of clinical cross- numbered on the hydrocortisone structure in a. Note that...

Clearly the physicochemical properties of a drug are a decisive factor in its overall activity. Where possible, molecular structures should be optimized to obtain best clinical performance. Rarely does an oral drug have physicochemical features suitable for topical or transdermal therapy, and it can take a great deal of systematic research to identify where the best balance of activity and permeability lies. Experience with corticosteroids suggests that as much as a 100-fold improvement in clinical activity may be attainable through molecular design, for today s most potent topical corticosteroids are more active than hydrocortisone by a factor at least this large. 

Excellent separations of corticosteroids can be achieved on an ODS column with a suitable ratio of methanol/water as an eluent. In this assay hydrocortisone is quantified using betamethasone as an internal standard. The structure of betamethasone is close to that of hydrocortisone but since it is more lipophilic it elutes from the ODS column after hydrocortisone (Fig. 12.12). The assay is a modification of the BP assay for hydrocortisone cream. In the assay described here the internal standard is added at the first extraction step rather than after extraction has been carried out in order to ensure that any losses in the course of sample preparation are fully compensated for. Extraction is necessary in the case of a cream because the large amount of oily excipients in the basis of the cream would soon clog up the column if no attempt was made to remove them. The corticosteroids are sufficiently polar to remain in the methanol/water layer as they have a low solubility in hexane, while the oily excipients are removed by extraction into hexane. The sodium chloride (NaCl) is included in the sample extraction solution to prevent the formation of an emulsion when the extract is shaken with hexane. Solution 2, where the internal standard is omitted, is prepared in order to check that there are no excipients in the sample which would interfere with the peak due to the internal standard. 

Hydrocortisone and Prednisolone. Following the discovery of the antiinflammatory actions of cortisone (1) and cortisol (2), there was a need not only to develop highly efficient routes to the corticoids, but to discover novel structures with fewer side effects than those of the corticoids, eg, sodium and water retention, reduced carbohydrate tolerance (steroid diabetes), osteoporosis, and depressed host defense. 

Fig. 4.1 Correlation of permeability and total hydrogen-bonding capacity for a series of structural heterogeneous compounds corticosterone (Co), testosterone (Te), propranolol (Pr), alprenolol (Al), warfarin (Wa), metoprolol (Me), felodipine (Fe), hydrocortisone (Hy),...

By 5 hours of age, this infant was receiving glucose at a rate of 13 5 mg/kg/min. The blood glucose concentration continued to be less than 1.1 mmol/L, and the infant was given 15 mg of hydrocortisone every 6 hours. Echocardiography showed decreased left ventricular contractility and hypertrophy of the ventricular septum but no other structural abnormalities. These findings were consistent with the cardiomyopathy often seen in infants of diabetic mothers. 

Corticosteroids are the most effective drugs in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. They were introduced in 1949, since when they have enjoyed a remarkable career . Numerous synthetic corticosteroids have been developed by modifying the chemical structure of cortisone and hydrocortisone. Indeed, the scientific literature shows that there is not one of the carbon atoms of the sterane structure that has remained unmodified in an endeavor to achieve a favorable biological effect. 

Tissues that have a large requirement for cholesterol, such as the adrenal cortex, have a large number of LDL receptors on their cell surfaces. In the ease of the adrenal gland, the cholesterol is used in the synthesis of steroid hormones. One such hormone is cortisol (hydrocortisone) the similarity of its structure to cholesterol is evident from the following ... 

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