Hydrochloric acid reaction with sodium

An example of a chemical reaction with a measurable energy change is the reaction of an acid and a base. In this activity, you will determine whether the reaction of hydrochloric acid (HCI) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) absorbs or liberates heat. 

Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions (a) Hydrogen fluoride is produced by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium fluoride. (b) Hydrochloric acid combines with sodium fluoride to yield hydrogen fluoride, (c) Sodium fluoride reacts with hydrochloric acid to give hydrofluoric acid. 

Salts are a common variety of ionic compound. A salt can form from the reaction between a base and an acid (both of which we cover in Chapter 16). For example, hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride (a salt) and water ... 

Tellurium dioxide dissolved in hydrochloric acid reacted with sodium dialkyldithio-phosphinate to produce tellurium bis[dialkyldithiophosphinates]2. The reactions were carried out as described for the preparation of tellurium bis[0,0-dialkyl dithiophos-phates] (s. p. 41). 

One of the most common titrations of this type is the titration of hydrochloric acid, HC1, with sodium hydroxide, NaOH. If you remember from earlier, this is a neutralization reaction. However, you should also remember from earlier that in order for a complete neutralization to occur, the reaction must use appropriate stoichiometric ratios. When we first look at the process, we will do so with two solutions of known concentration, but you will see that this process can be used to determine the concentration of one of the solutions. 

It was reported that the decomposition by 5.5M HOI is nearly complete and that chlorine and not chlorine dioxide is produced. By contrast, Kepinski and Blaszkiewicz (118) indicated that with O.lW Na0102 and 5.0W HOl the decomposition of chlorine(III) is complete within 1 min, but no chlorine is detected. Beuermann (14) found that only small amounts (ca. 2%) of chlorine were produced when hydrochloric acid reacted with sodium chlorite. Although chlorine has been reported among the reaction products (10, 18, 75, 76, 118), the bulk of evidence appears to be against the formation of any chlorine (91, 99, 120, 162, 217,... 

SULPHANILAMIDE. (Reaction C.) Add 15 g. of the above thoroughly drained sulphonamide to 10 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid diluted with 20 ml. water, and boil the mixture gently under reflux for i hour. Then add 30 ml. of water and heat the mixture again to boiling, with the addition of a small quantity of animal charcoal. Filter the boiling solution, and add powdered sodium carbonate in small quantities to the filtrate with stirring until all eflFervescence ceases and the sulphanilamide is precipitated as a white powder. Cool the mixture thoroughly and filter oflF the sulphanilamide at the pump, wash with water and dry. Yield, ca. 10 g. 

Into a 500 nil. round-bottomed flask, provided with a double surface condenser, place 50 g. (63 ml.) of pure, dry acetone, 50 g. (47 ml.) of ethyl cyanoacetate (Section 111,131) and 0 -5 g. of piperidine. Allow to stand for 60 hours and heat on a water bath for 2 hours. Treat the cold reaction mixture with 100 ml. of ether, wash with dilute hydrochloric acid, then with water, and dry over anhydrous sodium or magnesium sulphate. Distil under diminished pressure and collect the ethyl fsopropylidene cyanoacetate (ethyl a-cyano-pp-dimethylacrylate) at 114-116°/14mm.(l). The yield is 39 g. 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water Forms hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid). Reaction not very vigorous in cold water Reactivity with Common Materials Slow corrosion of metals Stability During Transport Stable Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Flush with and rinse with sodium bicarbonate or lime solution Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

Into a stirred, cooled (10°-15°C) solution of 26.2 grams (0.1 mol) of 2-amino-5-chlorobenzo-phenone (3-oxime in 150 ml of dioxane were introduced in small portions 12.4 grams (0.11 mol) of chloracetyl chloride and an equivalent amount of 3 N sodium hydroxide. The chlor acetyl chloride and sodium hydroxide were introduced alternately at such a rate so as to keep the temperature below 15°C and the mixture neutral or slightly alkaline. The reaction was completed after 30 minutes. The mixture was slightly acidified with hydrochloric acid, diluted with water and extracted with ether. The ether extract was dried and concentrated in vacuo. Upon the addition of ether to the oily residue, the product, 2-chloroacetamido-5-chlorobenzophenone (3-oxime, crystallized in colorless prisms melting at 161°-162°C. 

Thebaine is dissolved in aqueous formic acid and treated with 30% HjO neutralization with aqueous ammonia gives 14-hydroxycodeinone. It is hydrogenated to give oxycodone. 90 ml of concentrated hydrobromic acid are heated to 90°C. 9 grams of 14-hydroxydi-hydrocodeinone (oxycodone) are then added under stirring and the mixture is quickly heated to 116°C and kept at this temperature under reflux condenser for 20 minutes, with continued stirring. The resulting brown solution Is diluted with about 90 ml of water and chilled with ice. Aqueous 10% sodium hydroxide solution is now added to alkaline reaction and the liquid is extracted 3 times with 100 cc portions of chloroform. The layers are separated and the aqueous phase is fiitered and acidified by the addition of concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid, treated with charcoal and filtered. 

Efficient stirring is required. A solution of 225 g. (5.6 moles) of sodium hydroxide in 225 ml. of water can be added to the stirred mixture of the organic substrates in dichloromethane if a more efficient mechanical stirrer is used. In the original procedure, the submitters noted an induction period of about 20 minutes which was stated to vary somewhat with the stirring rate, stirring-bar size, and relative amount of phase-transfer catalyst. Three moles of base are required for the reaction one to generate the carbene and two to react with the additional two moles of hydrochloric acid lost by the amine-carbene adduct in the isonitrile formation step. If less base is used, the excess hydrochloric acid reacts with the isonitrile by a-addition, and the yield is substantially reduced. 

If these two aqueous solutions are mixed, a chemical reaction takes place. The hydrogen ion from the hydrochloric acid combines with the hydroxide ion (OH-) from the sodium hydroxide to form water—the (1) following the formula for water shows that... 

For the diazotisation reaction to succeed, it is necessary that the amine should be completely converted into the hydrochloride before the addition of sodium nitrite, because any free amine can react with the diazonium salt to form a diazoamino compound (Scheme 4.7). This complication needs to be avoided in the case of amines, such as the dichloro anilines, which do not dissolve easily in dilute hydrochloric acid [17]. With such compounds it is convenient first to dissolve them in a hot acid solution, which is then cooled to 0-5 °C. This procedure ensures the absence of free amine, and even if the hydrochloride precipitates on cooling it readily redissolves as the diazotisation proceeds. Similar precautions are required with the nitroanilines and here an increased amount of mineral acid is advantageous [18]. 

The pigments are obtained by preparing an aqueous solution of disodium hydrogenphosphate and adding a sodium molybdate solution (containing molybdenum trioxide and aqueous sodium hydroxide). Acidified with hydrochloric acid or with sulfuric acid, the reaction mixture is then added to an aqueous solution of the... 

The neutralization values were influenced by reduction with strong reducing agents, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, and amalgamated zinc plus hydrochloric acid (35, 46). For the most part, the consumption of NajCOj and of NaOEt decreased in equivalent amounts. This is further confirmation of the assumption that lactones of the fluorescein type or of the lactol type are present. The reaction with sodium ethoxide was shown to be no true neutralization, that is, exchange of H+for Na+, at all, but an addition reaction w ith the formation of the sodium salt of a semi-acetal or ketal ... 

The mixture is cooled and poured onto a mixture of 200 ml. of 6N hydrochloric acid, 200 ml. of ether, and 100 g. of ice. The residue in the flask is dissolved in a mixture of 6N hydrochloric add and methylene chloride, and this mixture is added to the main reaction. The aqueous layer is separated and extracted with two lOO-ml. portions of ether. The combined ethereal solution is washed once with 70 ml. of 6N hydrochloric acid, once with 2N sodium carbonate solution, twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure, and the residue is distilled to >ield 16-17 g. (72-76%) of colorless 2-benzylcyclo-pentanone, b.p. 83-85° (0.3 mm.), 108-110° (0.75 nun.) (Note 13). 

Europeum generally is produced from two common rare earth minerals monazite, a rare earth-thorium orthophosphate, and bastnasite, a rare earth fluocarbonate. The ores are crushed and subjected to flotation. They are opened by sulfuric acid. Reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid at a temperature between 130 to 170°C converts thorium and the rare earths to their hydrous sulfates. The reaction is exothermic which raises the temperature to 250°C. The product sulfates are treated with cold water which dissolves the thorium and rare earth sulfates. The solution is then treated with sodium sulfate which precipitates rare earth elements by forming rare earth-sodium double salts. The precipitate is heated with sodium hydroxide to obtain rare earth hydrated oxides. Upon heating and drying, cerium hydrated oxide oxidizes to tetravalent ceric(lV) hydroxide. When the hydrated oxides are treated with hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, aU but Ce4+ salt dissolves in the acid. The insoluble Ce4+ salt is removed. 

Sodium carbonate was made historically by the Leblanc process. The first commercial production was carried out by the Leblanc process. In this process, sodium chloride was treated with sulfuric acid to produce sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid. Heating the sodium sulfate with coal and limestone produced a black ash that contained sodium carbonate, calcium sulfide, unreacted coal, and calcium carbonate. Sodium carbonate was separated from the black ash by leaching with water. The overall reaction is as follows ... 

To a stirred solution of 120 ml of methylene chloride, 18 ml of dry pyridine, and 5 ml of iodine pentafluoride maintained at —10°C to —20°C in a Dry Ice-carbon tetrachloride slurry is added a solution of 13.5 gm (0.1 mole) of cumyl-amine in 10 ml of methylene chloride over a 1 hr period. The reaction mixture is stirred for another hour at —10°C, and then for 1 hr at 0°. After this time, water is added to the reaction mixture and stirring is continued until the yellow solid which had formed is dissolved. The lower organic layer is separated and washed in turn with water, 1 N hydrochloric acid, a saturated sodium thiosulfate solution, and again with water. After drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtration, the product solution is partially evaporated by means of a rotary evaporator at a temperature below 30°C. The brown solid obtained on cooling is separated and recrystallized twice from methylene chloride yield 4.75 gm (17.9%), m.p. 86.9°-88.7°C. 

To a solution of 10 gm (0.0474 mole) of A,A-dimethyl-3,6-dinitroaniline in 120 ml of hydrochloric acid diluted with 40 ml of water, with rapid stirring at room temperature, 20 ml of a 50 % solution of sodium nitrite is added. The resulting reaction mixture is allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. After the solution becomes deep yellow, the nitrosamine separates, often with the evolution of oxides of nitrogen. The product is collected on a filter, washed with cold water, and recrystallized from ethanol yield 7.8 gm (73 %), m.p. 128°C, orange needles or plates. 

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