Hydrocarbons benzo anthracene

Polynuclear aromatic Anthracene, hydrocarbons benzo(a)pyrene... 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Benzo(a)pyrenes Methylcholanthrene Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Solvents Benzene Heavy metals Beryllium Manganese Nickel Cadmium Platinum Air pollutants Ozone... 

Bos RP, Theuws JL, Leijdekkers Ch. M. 1984b. The presence of the mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo[a]pyrene and benz[a]anthracene in creosote Pj. Mutat Res 130 153-158. 

Benz[fl]anthracene (see Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Benzo[h]fluoranthene (see Polycychc Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Benzo[y]fluoranthene (see Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Benzo[fc]fluoranthene (see Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Benzo[fl]pyrene (see Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Benzotrichloride Bromodichloromethane... 

We studied the size criteria for competitive intercalation by comparing the hydrocarbons naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and... 

The oxoaporphine alkaloids Teliglazine (126), Corunnine (127), Nandazurine (128), PO-3 (129), A-Methylliriodendronine (130), and A,(9-Dimethylliriodendronine (131) contain the 6-methyl-7-oxo-dibenzo [Je,g]quinolinium-l-olate ring system 125 which is isoconjugate with the l-methyl-7-methylene-7H-benzo[Je]anthracene anion (Scheme 46). Therefore, these alkaloids belong to class 1, i.e., heterocyclic mesomeric betaines isoconjugate with odd alternant hydrocarbon anions. Another... 

Figure 3 depicts profiles of Total PAH fluxes vs. time (36). The following polycyclic hydrocarbons have been determined by high performance liquid chromatography, variable wavelength absorption detection Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 2-methylnaphtalene, fluorene, acenaphtene, phenanthrene, 2,3-dimethylnaphtalene, anthracene, fluoranthene, 1-methylphenanthrene, pyrene, 2,3-benzofluorene, triphenylene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, perylene, benzo(e)pyrene, 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene. 

For example, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is a particularly potent carcinogen for the mammary gland of young female Sprague-Dawley rats after oral or intravenous administration (25,26), dietary benzo[a]pyrene leads to leukemia, lung adenoma and stomach tumors in mice (27), and either of these hydrocarbons can induce hepatomas in male mice when injected on the first day of life (28). Nevertheless, the mouse skin system has proved to be particularly valuable because of the rapidity of tumor induction, the ease of detection of tumors and because the multi-stage nature of the carcinogenic process was experimentally established in this system. 

Methods for the synthesis of the biologically active dihydrodiol and diol epoxide metabolites of both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are reviewed. Four general synthetic routes to the trans-dihydrodiol precursors of the bay region anti and syn diol epoxide derivatives have been developed. Syntheses of the oxidized metabolites of the following hydrocarbons via these methods are described benzo(a)pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, benzo-(e)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, triphenylene, phen-anthrene, anthracene, chrysene, benzo(c)phenanthrene, dibenzo(a,i)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)pyrene, 7-methyl-benz(a)anthracene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, 5-methylchrysene, fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(j)fluoranthene, benzo(k)-fluoranthene, and dibenzo(a,e)fluoranthene. 

These findings indicate that PGH synthase in the presence of arachidonate can catalyze the terminal activation step in BP carcinogenesis and that the reaction may be general for dihydrodiol metabolites of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Guthrie et. al. have shown that PGH synthase catalyzes the activation of chrysene and benzanthracene dihydrodiols to potent mutagens (33). As in the case with BP, only the dihydrodiol that is a precursor to bay region diol epoxides is activated. We have recently shown that 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-benzo(a)anthracene is oxidized by PGH synthase to tetrahydrotetraols derived from the anti-diol epoxide (Equation 4) (34). 

Figure 5.12 Polyaromatic hydrocarbon species (1) phenanthrene, (2) anthracene, (3) pyrene, (4) benz[o]anthracene, (5) chrysene, (6) naphthacene, (7) benzo[c]phenanthrene, (8) benzo[ghi] fluoranthene, (9) dibenzo[c,g]phenanthrene, (10) benzo[g/ ]perylene, (11) triphenylene, (12) o-terphenyl, (13) m-terphenyl, (14) p-terphenyl, (15) benzo[o]pyrene, (16) tetrabenzonaphthalene, (17) phenanthro[3,4-c]phenanthrene, (18) coronene...

DiGiovanni, J. and T.J. Slaga. 1981a. Effects of benzo(e)pyrene [B(e)P] and dibenz(a,c)anthracene [DB(a,c)A] on the skin tumor-initiating activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 17-31 in M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Chemical Analysis and Biological Fate Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Fifth International Symposium. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Hoffman, D.J. and M.L. Gay. 1981. Embryotoxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, and 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene in petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures in mallard ducks. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 7 775-787. 

Fowlie and Bulman [43] have carried out a detailed study of the extraction of anthracene and benzo[tf]pyrene from soil. They carried out a replicated [24] factorial experiment using Soxhlet extraction and Polytron techniques. Soxhlet extraction followed by thin layer chromatography gave higher recoveries of the two polyaromatic hydrocarbons. 

In this study the soil samples were spiked with labelled and unlabelled benzo[<2]pyrene, or anthracene at 5 and 50pg/g soil. The samples were incubated in biometer flasks at 20°C for three and five months for anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene, respectively, allowing degradation to be monitored and the polyaromatic hydrocarbon to interact with the soil matrix. 

We employed various substrates to check for MFO in two bivalve species, a salt water mussel (Mytilus edulis) and a fresh water clam (Anodonta sp). Cytochrome P-450 was also studied. Organisms were exposed to 100 PPM Venezuelan crude in a stagnant system for up to one month. Enzyme assays were carried out with digestive gland 9000 g homogenates (17) and cytochrome P-450 analysis, with microsomes (21). The hydrocarbon substrates investigated included 1I+C-labelled benzo(a)pyrene, fluorene, anthracene, and naphthalene. The method used for separation of BP metabolites by thin layer radiochromatography has been described (7). The metabolite detection method for the other aromatic hydrocarbons was essentially the same except methylene chloride was used as metabolite extractant as well as TLC developer. Besides the hydrocarbon substrates, we also checked for other MFO reactions, N-dealkylase with C-imipramine (22) and 0-dealkylase with ethoxycoumarin (15). 

Fig. 5a-c. A typical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a atmospheric fallout sample, Alexandria City - Egypt b bottom incineration ash leachate of municipal solid waste - USA c hydrothermal petroleum, Escanaba Trough, NE Pacific Ocean. PAH Compound identifications N = naphthalene, MN = methylnaphthalene, DMN = dimethylnaphthalenes, P = phenanthrene, MP = methylphenanthrene, Fl = fluoranthene, Py = pyrene, BaAN = benzol anthracene, DH-Py = dihydropyrene, 2,3-BF = 2,3-benzofluorene, BFL = benzo[fc,/c]fluoranthene, BeP = benzo[e]pyrene, BaP = benzo[a]pyrene, Per = perylene, Cx-228 = methyl-228 series, Indeno = indeno[ l,2,3-c,d]pyrene, DBAN = dibenz[a,/z]anthracene, BPer = benzo[g,/z,z] perylene, AAN = anthanthrene, DBTH = dibenzothiophene, Cor = coronene, DBP = dibenzo [a,e]pyrene, DBPer = dibenzo [g,h,i] perylene... 

Fig. 10.12. Upper part The K, M, bay, and fjord regions of three isomeric tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benz[a]anthracene (BaA, 10.31), chrysene (CR, 10.32), and benzo[c]phenanthrene (BcPh, 10.33)). Lower part. The three pairs of enantiomeric (S,R)- and (R,S)-K-region epoxides and...

Complete deoxygenation of quinones to hydrocarbons is accomplished in yields of 80-85% by heating with a mixture of zinc, zinc chloride and sodium chloride at 210-280° [932]. Refluxing with stannous chloride in acetic and hydrochloric acid followed by refluxing with zinc dust and 2 N sodium hydroxide reduced 4 -bromobenzo[5. 6 1.2]anthraquinone to 4 -bromo-benzo[5. 6 1.2]anthracene in 95% yield [181], and heating with iodine, phosphorus and 47% hydriodic acid at 140° converted 2-chloroanthraquinone to 2-chloroanthracene in 75% yield [222]. Also aluminum in dilute sulfuric add can be used for reductions of the same kind [151]. 

The pitch of coal tar is the black or dark brown amorphous residue that remains after the redistillation process. The volatiles contain a large quantity of lower molecular weight polycyclic hydrocarbons. As these hydrocarbons (naphthalene, fluo-rene, anthracene, acridine, phenanthrene) sublime into the air there is an increase of benzo(polycyclic hydrocarbons in the tar and in the fumes. Polycyclic hydrocarbons, known to be carcinogenic, are of this large molecular type. 

To characterize the relative gas-chromatographic retentions of condensed aromatics and heteroaromatics, inclu g thienothiophenes, benzo[b]thiophene, dibenzothiophene, naphthobenzothiophenes, and anthrabenzothiophenes, a system of indices. In, was proposed, In this system a series of similar linearly condensed hydrocarbons (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pentacene,...) was used as a reference scale. The logarithm of the corrected retention volume (adjusted to 0°), log Ft, depends linearly upon the number of condensed benzene rings (z) in the molecule, both in the polar and nonpolar phases. In is expressed by Eq. (58) ... 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with More Than Five Fused Rings Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Four-Ring Compounds Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene... 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Five-Ring Compounds Benzo(a)pyrene Dibenzo(a )anthracene... 

---