Hydrocarbon Processing Applications

This chapter discusses the synthesis, characterization and applications of a very unique mesoporous material, TUD-1. This amorphous material possesses three-dimensional intercoimecting pores with narrow pore size distribution and excellent thermal and hydrothermal stabilities. The basic material is Si-TUD-1 however, many versions of TUD-1 using different metal variants have been prepared, characterized, and evaluated for a wide variety of hydrocarbon processing applications. Also, zeolitic material can be incorporated into the mesoporous TUD-1 to take the advantage of its mesopores to facilitate the reaction of large molecules, and enhance the mass transfer of reactants, intermediates and products. Examples of preparation and application of many different TUD-1 are described in this chapter. 

In general, within the sometimes stringent limitation of temperature dependence of Cy one can map the infinite dilution fugacity of any polar compound into hydrocarbon systems. Further, if the infinite dilution behavior follows known patterns with hydrocarbon type, this can be made the basis for a correlation of Ci . This ability to incorporate polar compounds over narrow ranges of concentration is extremely useful in refining and hydrocarbon processing applications. 

Figure 9-96. Vapor-liquid equilibrium showing X and application cases referred to in the text. Used by permission, Koshy, T. D., and Rukovena, F. Jr., Hydrocarbon Processing V. 85, No. 5 (1986) p. 64 all rights reserved.

Used by permission Rehrig, P. Hydrocarbon Processing V. 60, No. 10, p. 137, 1981. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. All rights reserved. Table 12-8D Impeller Material for Low-Temperature Applications ... 

Edmister, W, G., Application of Thermodynamics to Hydrocarbon Processing, Pet. Refiner, Part XVI, Effect of Pressure on Entropy and Enthalpy, Feb. (1949). 

All hydrocarbon process areas containing materials with gaseous materials that are not adequately ventilated (i.e., would not achieve a minimum of six air changes per hour or would allow the build up of flammable gas due to noncirculating air space). Typically applications include compressor enclosures, process modules in offshore platforms and enclosed arctic facilities. 

The scope of this book is to provide a practical knowledge and guidance in the understanding of prevention and mitigation principals and methodologies from the effects of hydrocarbon fires and explosions. The Chemical Process Industry (CPI), presents several different concerns that this book does not intend to address. However the basic protection features of the Hydrocarbon Process Industry (HPI) are also applicable to the chemical process industry and other related process industries. 

Krenek MR (1997) Improve global competitiveness with supply-chain management - Manufacturers must rethink how, when, where and why they produce goods. Hydrocarbon Processing 76 (5) 97-100 Krever M, Wunderink S, Dekker R, Schorr B (2005) Inventory control based on advanced probability theory, an application. European Journal of Operational Research 162 (2) 342-358... 

Many books, reviews and treatises have been pubUshed on related subjects [1-7]. Thus the objective of this chapter is the deUneation of the key features of the catalytic surface and the process conditions which enable better control of the reaction pathways for more efficient and environmentally friendly processes and minimal utiHzation of precious natural resources. As it stands today, hundreds of known framework types have been synthesized and scaled-up [8], but only a handful have found significant application in the hydrocarbon processing industries. They are zeolite Y and its many variants, ZSM-5, Mordenite and zeohte Beta. Other very important crystalline materials (including aluminophosphates (ALPOs),... 

Chapter 7 gives a review of the technology and applications of zeolites in liquid adsorptive separation of petrochemical aromatic hydrocarbons. The application of zeolites to petrochemical aromatic production may be the area where zeolites have had their largest positive economic impact, accounting for the production of tens of millions of tonnes of high-value aromatic petrochemicals annually. The nonaromatic hydrocarbon liquid phase adsorption review in Chapter 8 contains both general process concepts as well as sufficient individual process details for one to understand both commercially practiced and academic non-aromatic separations. 

Figure 5.35 Refinery hydrocarbon process analytical applications of FT-NIR.

Table 10-1 references the applicable NFPA code for the majority of the fire protection systems found in petrochemical and hydrocarbon processing facilities. 

Molecular sieves are used in a variety of fuel processing applications. Uses include drying and water removal from fuel, product purification, hydrocarbon separation and catalysis. Molecular sieves are composed of sodium and calcium aluminosilicate crystals which have been produced from natural or synthetic zeolite compounds. The crystals are dehydrated through heating and are processed to ensure that pore sizes are tightly controlled. 

Subsequently, Dr. Fyfe also made an extended scries of experiments on the same subject, confining his attention, however, to the Boghead cannel, which, he justly remarks, is best fitted for testing the value of the hydrocarbon process. His results differ most widely from Feans la Nil s, exhibiting invariably a loss of light—sometimes small, at other times enormously great—by tfta application of the hydrocarbon process. 

The largest application segment for filter photometers is in the area of combustion gases analysis, primarily for CO, CO2, hydrocarbons, SO2, etc. Other major areas of application include the petrochemical industry, with natural gas and other hydrocarbon process gas streams being important applications. As measurements become more complex, there is the need for more advanced instrumentation. Variable or tunable filter solutions (as described above) or full-spectrum FTIR or NIR instruments are normally considered for these applications, primarily in terms of overall versatility. Now that array-based systems are becoming available, there is a potential for an intermediate, less expensive, and more compact solution. Note that compact instrumentation tends to be environmentally more stable, and is well suited for industrial applications. 

The Solvahl process is a solvent deasphalting process for application to vacuum residua (Peries et al., 1995 Hydrocarbon Processing, 1996 Hydrocarbon Processing, 1998). 

Several hydrocarbon processes are available for upgrading resid hydrotreating, Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), coking etc., some more capital intensive than others. The most widely prevalent process is the FCC process. Therefore any advances in processing resid in FCC units will have wide application. This paper deals with concepts for developments in resid cracking, particularly in resid FCC development, evaluation and application. 

The activation of methane [1] is also included as one of the most desired yet not technically viable reactions. Abundant amounts of methane occur with crude oil and as gas in remote locations it is also produced in large quantities during hydrocarbon processing. A large fraction of this methane is flared, because economical use or transportation is not possible. This gas and the abundant resources of methane gas hydrates would make a very suitable feedstock for higher hydrocarbons, if its activation to produce molecules other than synthesis gas were feasible. Despite enormous fundamental and practical efforts [1-5], no applicable method has yet been found for creation of ethylene, methanol, or formaldehyde from methane. 

FIGURE 13 Hydrogen separation applications in the refinery. [From S. Leeper etal. (1984). Report No. EGG-2282, EG G Idaho, Inc. (Report to U.S. Department of Energy), and D. L. MacLean etal. (1983). Hydrocarbon Processing 62, 47-51.]... 

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