Hydrocarbon history

Figure 33, Reactive hydrocarbon history along the 1030 trajectory (i = 1 /4 r = 1 /2 ground level concentrations)...

Figure 33 shows the reactive hydrocarbon history starting at Azusa at 0730 and ending at El Monte at 1030 on September 29, 1969. Despite the sharp reduction in hydrocarbon fluxes, the calculated curve stays above the Azusa levels until 1000 hours when it begins to slope-off in the observed manner. The model output clearly bears a closer relationship to the Azusa measurements than it does to the El Monte observations. This problem is typical of the difficulties we encountered in attempting to model conditions at the eastern portion of the basin at El Monte. 

Johansen, M. 1997. Well 12 9l9- in the Ringvassoy— Loppa High Fault Complex, Hydrocarbon History, Filling and Dismigration. Master s dissertation. University of Oslo, Oslo. 

The calculated hydrocarbon history is shown on Fig. 6.14, The yield during the Carboniferous (from 360 to 286 Ma), prior to the Permian erosion, accounts for about 6% of the total generated hydrocarbons. A small local peak on the hydrocarbon yield rate curve between 360 and 286 Ma (Fig. 6.14) corresponds to this first stage of hydrocarbon generation. The comparatively low yield rates are associated with moderate tern-... 

Even if all of the elements described so far have been present within a sedimentary basin an accumulation will not necessarily be encountered. One of the crucial questions in prospect evaluation is about the timing of events. The deformation of strata into a suitable trap has to precede the maturation and migration of petroleum. The reservoir seal must have been intact throughout geologic time. If a leak occurred sometime in the past, the exploration well will only encounter small amounts of residual hydrocarbons. Conversely, a seal such as a fault may have developed early on in the field s history and prevented the migration of hydrocarbons into the structure. 

Hydrocarbons were first used in the field of medicine by the Romans. Bitumen was used in ancient Mesopotamia as mortar for bricks, as a road constmction material, and to waterproof boats. Arabia and Persia have a long history of producing oil. 

On September 6, 1987, the European Economic Community and the United States signed a phase-out agreement for the manufacture and use of specific refrigerants containing chlorine and bromine in the hydrocarbon molecule because of the effects on the atmosphere s ozone layer. ° See Reference 20, p. 18.1, for a more detailed history of this... 

The history of catalytic converters was reviewed recently by Ebel (12). Some of the early patents and publications on catalytic treatment of exhaust gases date from 1925. One of the earliest uses of an oxidation catalyst was in chemical plant exhaust control beginning in 1949, when the main gases to be removed were carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. 

Miedziankit. A type of chlorate expls manufd in Ger and Poland prior to WWII. They typically contd K or Na chlorate 88—91 and liq hydrocarbons (with flash p not below 30°) 12—9% (Ref 1) K chlorate 90 and petroleum 10% or K chlorate 87, petroleum distillate 10 and beech-wood flour 3%. Their history, props and prepn are detailed in Ref 2... 

History matching in reservoir engineering refers to the process of estimating hydrocarbon reservoir parameters (like porosity and permeability distributions) so that the reservoir simulator matches the observed field data in some optimal fashion. The intention is to use the history matched-model to forecast future behavior of the reservoir under different depletion plans and thus optimize production. 

Other factors associated with the risk of NMSC include exposure to ionizing radiation and arsenic, which is connected with BCC. Chemical carcinogens that give rise to NMSC include industrial hydrocarbons that are found in coal tars, soot, asphalt, paraffin waxes, and tobacco.21 Exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV-6, -11, -16, and -18) has been linked to SCC.31 Lastly, a personal history of previous melanoma is a risk factor for developing another primary melanoma. 

The safety and risk of a hydrocarbon facility cannot be assessed solely on the basis of fire fighting systems or past loss histories. The overall risk can only be assessed by defining loss scenarios and an understanding of the risk philosophy adopted by senior management. 

A more in-depth discussion of the subsurface hydrogeologic setting, areal extent of LNAPL and dissolved hydrocarbons in groundwater, remedial strategy, and current status is presented in Chapter 12 (LNAPL Recovery Case Histories). 

Figure 4.15a are LNAPL obtained from two adjacent sites with different histories, and representative unaltered regular unleaded and premium unleaded gasoline samples. High BTEX hydrocarbon concentrations in LNAPL and groundwater are often indicative of gasoline presence. A noticeable depletion in benzene and toluene is evident in the LNAPL samples as compared with unaltered dispensed gasoline,... 

The primary focus of this chapter is to introduce approaches that limit (or prevent) migration of hydrocarbon and organic contaminants from the vadose zone into underlying water-bearing zones. The more conventional strategies, including a brief discussion of the process, relative cost, practical constraints, and limitations, are presented. Also presented are two typical soil vapor extraction case histories. 

Since the remaining residual hydrocarbons were localized, and had no impact on groundwater quality, a risk-based closure approach was taken, and subsequently approved for site closure. This case history is typical of many UST sites in that full removal of hydrocarbons below regulatory levels is not achievable for a variety of reasons. This will be further discussed in Chapter 13 (Site Closure). 

Durham RW, Oliver BG. 1983. History of Lake Ontario (Canada, USA) contamination from the Niagara river by sediment radiodating and chlorinated hydrocarbon analysis. Journal of Great Lakes Research 9(2) 160-168. 

In the late eighteenth century, Lavoisier not untypically treated organic substances, like tartaric acid, malic acid, and acetic acid, at the conclusion of his treatise on chemistry, without actually organizing the properties of hydrocarbons into a separate section.49 In contrast, in the last volume of his four-volume history of chemistry, Kopp included a separate section on "die Ausbildung der organische Chemie" (1847). Carl Schorlemmer s Rise and Development of Organic Chemistry, published in 1879, was the first history of organic chemistry per se.50... 

The subsequent history of C2H and C4H3 is not important for the oxidation scheme once the chain system develops. Nevertheless, the oxidation of C2H could lead to chemiluminescent reactions that form CH and C2, the species responsible for the blue-green appearance of hydrocarbon flames. These species may be formed by the following steps [40, 40a, 40b] ... 

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