Loss history

The contributions of different stars to nucleosynthesis depend on their initial mass and chemical composition, their mass loss history in the course of evolution and effects of close binaries (especially SN la). When mass loss is small, as is believed to be the case for low metallicities, the distribution of primary elements (those synthesized directly from hydrogen and helium) in ejecta from massive stars is mainly the result of hydrostatic evolution with some modifications to deeper layers resulting from explosive nucleosynthesis in the final SN outburst, classically... 

The safety and risk of a hydrocarbon facility cannot be assessed solely on the basis of fire fighting systems or past loss histories. The overall risk can only be assessed by defining loss scenarios and an understanding of the risk philosophy adopted by senior management. 

Risk insurance is the method chosen when the possible losses are financially too great to retain internally by risk acceptance and in some cases too expensive to prevent or avoid. However even the risk insurers will want to satisfy themselves that adequate precautions are being taken at facilities they are underwriting. Thus, they will look very carefully at risks they feel are above the industry norm or have high loss histories. 

Comparison between the presupernova evolutionary model, hydrodynamical models and the observations imposes several interesting constraints on Menv and E, i.e., on the presupernova mass loss history, the explosion mechanism, and material mixing before and after the explosion. These are summarized as follows ... 

Recent loss history (from the preceeding graphs) suggests that our work is far from done. This states that we must continue to provide resources and increase our energy expended on effectively practicing chemical process safety. 

The accuracy of a review is dependent on its input data. Therefore it is imperative to have failure data and loss histories that accurately represent or can be related to the environment and facilities that are being studied. Inaccurate presumptions will result otherwise. 

Should be relevant to the loss history of the facility itself. Refer to Appendix C. 

A further striking feature shown in Fig. 20 is the convergence of the rotational velocities to the value of v( nt,iinm (i.e., lOOkrns ), which is produced by the fact that the time dependence of the critical rotational velocity is almost independent of the mass loss history, in particular its minimum value. Note, however, that although the rotation velocities of the four sequences displayed in Fig. 20 at the end of the main sequence evolution are almost identical, their masses at that time are greatly different, and thus their ensuing post-main sequence evolution is expected to be very different as well. 

Third, tax payments in any year depend not only on taxable income in that year but also on the profit and loss history of the company. Some current tax liabilities can be applied to previous years if the company lost money in the past. Similarly, payment of some taxes can be deferred to future years. Income tax expenses can remain higher or lower than actual payments over a long period of time if an industry as a whole is, or has been, in a period of eligibility for tax deferments. 

A scenario that has a relatively high probability of occurring for the situation under examination. As part of emergency response planning, credible scenario exercises or pre-planning is undertaken. In order to avoid undue and unrealistic postulation of events that may occur, a collection of credible scenarios is identified and assembled. These can be based on past loss histories or on risk assessments that have been undertaken for the specific aspect being reviewed. See also Pre-incident Planning Scenario Tabletop Drill. 

An organization s history of losses (claims). Insurance companies view loss history as an indication of an organization s propensity for losses in the future. See also Loss Trend. 

Projections of future incident impacts based on analysis of historical loss patterns. They are not entirely accurate since they cannot predict the actual loss that will occur. See also Loss History. 

One such method for determining workers compensation premiums is through the use of the experience modification rating (EMR). The EMR is determined by the National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI) or other insurance rating groups. The EMR system rates companies based upon the type of work they are engaged in and their past loss history. Using actuary science, the insurer estimates what a firm s losses should have been over a period of time and compares them to their actual losses (Adams 1997,33). 

Recent loss history suggests that om work is far from done. We must continue to provide resources to practice effective chemical process safety including fully implementing a positive. 

Step 7 Define the safety management system project with Pareto charts, graphs of loss history, dashboards showing activity status, etc. 

To begin the JHA process consider the loss history of jobs to include severe injuries, damaging events, first aide, and near miss data that has been developed. This data will assist in identifying jobs that have a clear history of reoccurring loss or injury. When loss data is used in combination with the risk assessment, the picture may change and priorities may need to be reset. The emphasis should remain on high potential associated risk. 

Experience modification rates are multipliers used in most states workers compensation formulas. The rates are based on worker injury/illness loss history over a three year period (the first three of the last four years) and can drive workers compensation insurance costs up or down depending on the amount of loss that occurred over the three year period. An EMR of 1.0 is considered to be average. An EMR over 1.0 will increase the base premium. An EMR below 1.0 will result in a reduction to the base premium. Contractors should contact their workers compensation insurance carriers to obtain current and past EMRs. 

From the loss history and the policy premiums the loss ratio is derived. The loss ratio is the most important single factor in determining a firm s desirability to an insurer. It equals the premium paid for a given year, divided by the claims paid during that year. Loss ratios of less than one represent a net loss to the carrier and render coverage extremely difficult to obtain. Ideally, a museum will bid out its business once every three years, to assure a competitive price. To do this, it submits a summary of the coverage it wishes to obtain to one or more agents for circulation to interested underwriters. This list should include ... 

The acceptance of risk without an understanding of the consequences of exposure and/or loss-producing events that can result in a litigious climate of lawsuit frenzy can be discovery in even a cursory review of the loss history of documented events. 

Hazards and associated risk within each step are discussed with employees as to what they know about the current work environment. This information is compared against the loss history of the job to assess... 

A cross-functional committee should be used to conduct job risk assessments, reviewing loss history, job related documents, interviews, and overall data collection. The committee directs the JHA process through the following ... 

The JHA process begins with the selection of jobs ranked by priority based on loss history and/or known hazards and associated risk. The end product is the development of a written standard operating procedure (SOP) as well as safety procedures and protocols.The JHA is not intended to replace work instructions or SOPs, as these provide the formal in-depth details of a job. JHA remains the core document for detailing exposures to hazards and developing preventative measures 0ob Hazard Analysis, 3071,2002). 

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