Hydrocarbon compounds aliphatic

Hydrocarbons, compounds of carbon and hydrogen, are stmcturally classified as aromatic and aliphatic the latter includes alkanes (paraffins), alkenes (olefins), alkynes (acetylenes), and cycloparaffins. An example of a low molecular weight paraffin is methane [74-82-8], of an olefin, ethylene [74-85-1], of a cycloparaffin, cyclopentane [287-92-3], and of an aromatic, benzene [71-43-2]. Cmde petroleum oils [8002-05-9], which span a range of molecular weights of these compounds, excluding the very reactive olefins, have been classified according to their content as paraffinic, cycloparaffinic (naphthenic), or aromatic. The hydrocarbon class of terpenes is not discussed here. Terpenes, such as turpentine [8006-64-2] are found widely distributed in plants, and consist of repeating isoprene [78-79-5] units (see Isoprene Terpenoids). 

Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons are called cycloalkanes, or alicyclic compounds (aliphatic cyclic). Because cycloalkanes consist of rings of -CH2- units, they have the general formula (CH2) , or and can be represented by polygons... 

Emissions from sinter plants are generated from raw material handling, windbox exhaust, sinter discharge (associated sinter crushers and hot screens), and from the cooler and cold screen. The primary source of particulate emissions, mainly irons oxides, magnesium oxide, sulfur oxides, carbonaceous compounds, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and chlorides, are due to the windbox exhaust. Contaminants such as fluorides, ammonia, and arsenic may also be present. At the discharge end,... 

Particulate iron and sulfur oxides, carbonaceous compounds, aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorides... 

Misumi J, Nagano M. 1984. Neurophysiological studies on the relation between the structural properties and neurotoxicity of aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds in rats. Br J Ind Med 41 526-532. 

Hydrocarbons. Compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen. The number of such compounds is immense and they may be classified into aliphatic (alicyclic) and aromatic (cyclic) compounds. In the former class, the principal carbon atoms are arranged in chains, while in the latter class they are arranged in one or several rings. Hydrocarbons may also be divided into saturated —in which all four valences of C are satisfied, and unsaturated —in which there are one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms... 

The pentamer (yellow-green in solution, violet in the solid) is somewhat air and moisture sensitive. It begins to decompose 60 °C, but can be stored at room temperature indefinitely in an inert atmosphere. The compound is soluble in acetone, methanol, acetonitrile, and THF and insoluble in hydrocarbons and aliphatic ethers. It does not lose CO at an appreciable rate in solution at room temperature, but does so at elevated temperatures with the formation of larger clusters.4 The product purity is best assayed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, where traces of [Pt3(CO)6]4 appear as a shoulder near 620nm on the 706nm peak of [Pt3(CO)6]j-. IR (THF, cm-1) 2057(s), 1896(w), 1872 (m), 1845 (w), 1831 (w). UV-Vis [THF, Araax, (e,... 

Nitro compounds. Aliphatic nitro compounds are acidic. They are freed from alcohols or alkyl halides by standing for a day with concentrated sulphuric acid, then washed with water, dried with magnesium sulphate followed by calcium sulphate and distilled. The principal impurities are isomeric or homologous nitro compounds. In cases where the nitro compound was originally prepared by vapour phase nitration of the aliphatic hydrocarbon, fractional distillation should separate the nitro compound from the corresponding hydrocarbon. Fractional crystallisation is more effective than fractional distillation if the melting point of the compound is not too low. 

This model does not apply for molecules with a long aliphatic chain such as n-butylbenzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in which the rings are fused linearly, such as anthracene and chrysene. 

Kester [191] has reviewed the application of this technique to the determination of a wide range of organic compounds in soil, including ketones, aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aliphatic compounds, alcohols and vinyl acetate. 

Horvath, A.L., Getzen, F.W. (1999b) IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series 68. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds C3-C14 with water. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 649-777. 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons compounds that include branched alkanes/alkenes, -alkanes, and n-alkenes. 

One means of classification depends on the way in which carbon atoms are connected. Chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds consisting of carbons linked either in a single chain or in a branched chain. Cyclic hydrocarbons are aliphatic compounds that have carbon atoms linked in a closed polygon (also referred to as a ring). For example, hexane (single) and 2-methylpentane (branched) are chain aliphatic molecules, while cyclohexane is a cyclic aliphatic compound. 

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Other Chlorinated Compounds. The substitution of chlorine atom for hydrogen in a compd greatly increases the anesthetic action of the derivative. In addn, the chlorine deriv is less specific than the parent hydrocarbon in its action, and may affect other tissues along with those of the central nervous system of this body. The chlorine deriv is generally quite toxic and may cause liver, heart Sc kidney damage. As a rule, unsaturated chlorine derivs are highly narcotic but less toxic than saturated derivs. Sax(Ref 4) has discussed in detail the toxicities Sc hazards of a number of chlorinated compds, including Chlorinated Diphenyls Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Aliphatic Chlorinated Naphthalenes Chlorinated Phenols Chlorinated Triphenyls others. 

Compared with the pronounced solvent-induced chemical shifts observed with ionic and dipolar solutes, the corresponding shifts of nonpolar solutes such as tetrame-thylsilane are rather small cf. Table 6-6. A careful investigation of chemical shifts of unsubstituted aromatic, as well as alternant and nonalternant, unsaturated hydrocarbons in aliphatic and aromatic non-HBD solvents by Abboud et al. has shown that the differential solvent-induced chemical shift range (relative to benzene as reference) is of the order of only —1.4...+1.0 ppm (positive values representing downfield shifts) [405]. The NMR spectra of these aromatic compounds have been shown to be sensitive to solvent dipolarity and polarizability, except in aromatic solvents, for which an additional specific aromatic solvent-induced shift (ASIS see later) has been found. There is no simple relationship between the solvent-induced chemical shifts and the calculated charge distribution of the aromatic solute molecules. This demonstrates the importance of quadrupoles and higher multipoles in solute/solvent interactions involving aromatic solutes [405]. 

Aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds are found in lighter fluid and fuel gas, as well as in paint sprays, hair sprays, and air fresheners. These compounds are highly flammable and explosive. They include compounds like acetylene, butane, hexane, isobutene, and propane. Butane is often used as the propellant in aerosol sprays. 

Flavor Components. Olive oil volatiles contain at least 100 compounds (33-37) in several categories hydrocarbons (5 compounds), aliphatic alcohols (13 compounds), terpenic alcohols (4 compounds), aldehydes (27 compounds), ketones (8 compounds), ethers (2 compounds), furans (3 compounds), thiophenes (6 compounds), and esters (29 compounds). 

Alkenes are said to be unsaturated , and they can be reacted with hydrogen to form saturated alkanes. However, benzene is much more reluctant to be hydrogenated to form cyclohexane. Explain why this is. Give one major industrial use of hydrogenation. Compare and contrast the chemistry of benzene with that of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds. 

Most of the geolipids so far identified in the oil shale from Aleksinac represent well known and ubiquitous constituents of sediments n-alkanes, iso- and anteiso-alkanes, aliphatic and cyclic isoprenoid alkanes including steranes, triterpanes and tetrater-panes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic, hopanoic and aromatic acids. Moreover, several classes of compounds were identified which were also known as constituents of some ancient sediments but were not found to be ubiquitous, such as aliphatic isoprenoid ketones, aliphatic methyl ketones and the triterpenoid ketone adi-antone. 

The chemical manufacturers themselves perceived even more clearly than outsiders the dangers that chlorinated solvents posed to groundwater. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds, some of them identical to materials used as solvents and all having properties similar to the solvents, were sold to farmers for use in the soil of their fields. The industry worked hard to understand how these chemicals behave in the ground. 

The following tables provide aliphatic and aromatic chemical shifts for a selected variety of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. 

Nonaqueous organic solvents consist of the following classes of compounds aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogenated and nitro derivatives, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, amines, nitriles, unsubstituted and substituted amides, sulfoxides, and sulfones. In general, a compound... 

JP-8 is a complex mixture containing more than 200 aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds with nine to 17 (or perhaps more) carbon atoms, including thousands of isomeric forms that distill at 170-325°C, and three to six nonhydrocarbon performance additives (Henz 1998 DOD 1992). The precise composition of JP-8 varies from batch to batch. Some of the physical and chemical properties of JP-8 are summarized in Table 1 -1, and the additives in JP-8 are summarized in Table 1-2. 

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